10 Appendices

10.1 Appendix 1. List of Studies Excluded at Full-Text Eligibility Assessment

Excluded Review Reason for Exclusion
Aarons, Dakarai I (2008) Districts Cut Back Busing, Seek Ways to Save Energy Education Week, 28(1), 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Abdal-Haqq, Ismat (1996) Making Time for Teacher Professional Development ERIC Digest , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Abramson, Paul (2008) Creative, Positive Responses to Tight Budgets School Planning & Management, 47(10), 62. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Adeyemi, Dorian (2016) Gas prices rise; school days decrease University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Allison, Bradford, Schumacher, Gary (2011) Learning Research and Community Decision Making Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership, 14(4), 10 10.1177/1555458911432019 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Analitis, Eva (2022) Looking four-ward University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anderson, James N (1983) An Alternative to the Four-Day Week Small School Forum, 4(3), 19. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anglum, J Cameron (2021) When five shrinks to four: Assessing the four-day school week in rural locales Phi Delta Kappan, 103(4), 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anglum, J Cameron (2021) When five shrinks to four: Assessing the four-day school week in rural locales Phi Delta Kappan, 103(4), 19 10.1177/00317217211065822 Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2002) Effects of four-day school schedule undecided Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 73(9), 8. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2002) Four-day school week? Junior Scholastic, 105(3), 4. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2002) It’s Thursday School’s out! Should schools switch to a shorter schedule? Yes or No? Scholastic Action, 26(3), 4. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2003) Cutting class Scholastic Choices, 18(4), 5. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2004) Charter School Must Stay Open All Week For Full Funding Education USA, 46(1), 11. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2004) Court: Charter School Funds Can Be Cut For 4-Day Week School Law News, 32(1), 2. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2004) DEBATE: Should School Be Held Four Days a Week? Junior Scholastic, 107(3), 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2004) Thank Goodness It’s Thursday! Scholastic Action, 28(3), 6. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2005) Adolescent Sleep Needs and School Starting Times National Association of Secondary School Principals NASSP Bulletin, 89(642), 96. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2008) Going Home Early: The Impact of the Four-Day Week Scholastic , 8(2), 12. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2008) School Crunch Scholastic News, 77(2), 3. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2009) Missouri senate says no to 4-day school weeks American School & University. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2009) No-School Fridays Scholastic Action, 33(1), 20. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2009) The Four-Day School Week State Legislatures, 35(3), 8. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2009) White House Reports on a Speech by President Obama to US Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, March 10, 2009 The Education Digest, 74(9), 16. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2010) 9th Circuit hears appeals case on Hawaii’s ‘furlough Fridays’ Education Daily, 43(27), 4. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2010) Proposed legislation would allow 4-day weeks for Illinois school districts American School & University. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2011) Many South Dakota districts turn to four-day school weeks American School & University. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2011) School Districts Cut Costs with Four-Day Week News for You, 59(38), 3. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2011) TALK BACK Current Events, 111(6), 3. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2011) The Shrinking School Week Scholastic News, 80(3), 3. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2013) Iowa District Reimagines the Five-Day School Week Education Week, 33(4), 10. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2015) Shorter school week aids learning, study finds Education USA, 12(3), 2. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2016) Impact of Four-Day School Weeks Unclear: a newspaper for members of the National Education Association NEA Today, 34(4), 12. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Anonymous (2021) Four-Day School Week Slows Learning USA Today, 150(2915), 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Arnold, Grace C Snipper (1995) Teacher Dialogues: A Constructivist Model of Staff Development Journal of Staff Development, 16(4), 34. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Ashkin, Stephen (2009) On Schedule American School & University, 81(9), 40. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Aucejo, Esteban M; Romano, Teresa (2016) Assessing the effect of school days and absences on test score performance Economics of Education Review, 55(NA), 70 101016/jeconedurev201608.007 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Avery Frank and James V Shuls (2023) Evidence based? A systematic literature review of the four-day school week . Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Bae, Sang Hoon (2018) Concepts, Models, and Research of Extended Education International Journal for Research on Extended Education, 6(2), 153. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Bailey, John P, Hess, Frederick M (2020) A Blueprint for Back to School American Enterprise Institute. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Baines, Lawrence (2008) Learning from the World: Achieving More by Doing Less Education Digest: Essential Readings Condensed for Quick Review, 73(5), 23. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Baltes, Boris B; Briggs, Thomas E; Huff, Joseph W; Wright, Julie; Neuman, George A (1999) Flexible and compressed workweek schedules: A meta-analysis of their effects on work-related criteria Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(4), 496 101037/0021-9010844.496 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Baquet, Georges, Aucouturier, Julien, Gamelin, François Xavier, Berthoin, Serge (2018) Longitudinal Follow-Up of Physical Activity During School Recess: Impact of Playground Markings Frontiers in public health, 6283 103389/fpubh2018.00283 Ineligible context - not in United States
Baquet, Georges, Ridgers, Nicola D, Blaes, Aurélie, Aucouturier, Julien, Van Praagh, Emmanuel, Berthoin, Serge (2014) Objectively assessed recess physical activity in girls and boys from high and low socioeconomic backgrounds BMC public health, 14192 10.1186/1471-2458-14-192 Ineligible context - not in United States
Barnes, Kate, Feng, Li, Bacher-Hicks, Andrew, Koedel, Cory (2024) Exploring the Four-Day School Week: A Comprehensive Analysis of Student Learning, Staff Dynamics, and Teacher Well-Being . Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Barrows, Alice (1922) First National Conference on the Work-Study-Play or Platoon Plan Bulletin, 1922, No 35 Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Bartlett, Parker (2024/11/13/) The election day dilemma: Students weigh in on if classes should be held on the day University Wire. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Bauman, Paul (1983) The Four-Day School Week Issuegram 14 , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Bayliss, Sarah (1989) 4-day week borough goes staff hunting The Times Educational Supplement, (3791). Ineligible context - not in United States
Beebe, Emily (2023/10/11/) More companies should implement a 4-day workweek – Northern Star University Wire. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Beesley, Andrea D, Anderson, Carmon (2007) The Four-Day School Week: Information and Recommendations The Rural Educator, 29(1), 1035608/ruraledv29i1.939 Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Bellei, Cristian (2009) Does Lengthening the School Day Increase Students’ Academic Achievement? Results from a Natural Experiment in Chile Economics of Education Review, 28(5), 629 101016/jeconedurev200901.008 Ineligible context - not in United States
Bennett, Richard (2005) A case study of the impact of a four-day week on classroom practice , 86. Ineligible context - not in United States
Bevevino, Mary M, Snodgrass, Dawn M (1998) Revisiting Cooperative LearningAnd Making It Work: Success with Cooperative Learning at the Secondary Level NASSP Bulletin, 82(597), 64. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Bingham, Andrea J (2019) A Look at Personalized Learning: Lessons Learned Kappa Delta Pi Record, 55(3), 124 101080/002289582019.1622383 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Blaes, Aurelie, Ridgers, Nicola D, Aucouturier, Julien, Van Praagh, Emmanuel, Berthoin, Serge, Baquet, Georges (2013) Effects of a playground marking intervention on school recess physical activity in French children Preventive Medicine, 57(5), 580 101016/jypmed201307.019 Ineligible context - not in United States
Blankenship, Ted (1984) Update: These School Systems Swear by the Four-Day School Week because Students Work Harder and Face Fewer Distractions , 32. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Blazer, Christie (2018) Middle School Redesign Information Capsule Volume 1803 , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Blose, David T, Alves, Henry F (1941) Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1936-1938 Bulletin, 1940, No 2 Chapter II: Statistics of State School Systems, 1937-38 US Office of Education, Federal Security Agency, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Bogue, R (2013) BOGUE: Against the four-day week University Wire. Ineligible context - not K-12 schools
Bonner, H R (1920) Statistics of City School Systems, 1917-18 Bulletin, 1920, No 24 Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Bossert, Philip J (1996) Understanding the Technologies of Our Learning Environments NASSP Bulletin, 80(582), 11. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Bowman, Kaylee (2023) Exploring the Advantages of a Four-Day School Week:​ Improving Learning, Wellness, and Work-Life Balance​ . Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Bradford, James C, Jr (1993) Making Year-Round Education (YRE) Work in Your District: A Nationally Recognized Single Track High School Model , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Brosnan, Peter, Goel, Anuva (2011) Working for the Weekend? Current Events, 111(3), 7. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Brown, Byron W; Saks, Daniel H (1986) Measuring the Effects of Instructional Time on Student Learning: Evidence from the Beginning Teacher Evaluation Study American Journal of Education, 94(4), 480 10.1086/443863 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Brown, Byron W; Saks, Daniel H (1987) The microeconomics of the allocation of teachers’ time and student learning Economics of Education Review, 6(4), 319 10.1016/0272-7757(87)90015-x Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Brown, Emily Ann (2015) Shorter school week aids learning, study finds Education Daily, 48(153), 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Brown, Katie, Brown, Steve (2005) CLASSROOM SCHEDULING: METHODS, MODELS AND LIMITATIONS Allied Academies International Conference Academy of Educational Leadership Proceedings, 10(1), 5. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Brummet, Quentin (2014) The effect of school closings on student achievement Journal of Public Economics, 119(NA), 108 101016/jjpubeco201406.010 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Burns, Dion, Bae, Soung, Snyder, Jon D (2017) “The Kids Benefit from It, so It’s Worth It”: Time for Teaching and Learning at SMASH Teachers’ Time: Collaborating for Learning, Teaching, and Leading , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Burrola, Abby, Rohde-Collins, Dorothy, Anglum, J Cameron (2023) Conceptualizing Rurality in Education Policy: Comparative Evidence from Missouri , 44. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Bush, Vanessa (2008) Time to Learn: How a New School Schedule Is Making Smarter Kids, Happier Parents, and Safer Neighborhoods The Booklist, 104(16), 11. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Byrne, J (2010) Daley turns thumbs-down on four-day school week: Daley turns thumbs-down on four-day school week Clout Street [Chicago Tribune - BLOG]. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Campbell, Wedless (2006) The shortened week is a poor fit for urban education American Teacher, 90(5), 4. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Canady, R Lynn, Fogliani, A Elaine (1989) Cut Class Size in Half without Hiring More Teachers Executive Educator, 11(8), 22. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Canady, Robert Lynn, Rettig, Michael D (1995) The Power of Innovative Scheduling , 4. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Cantwell, Lisa (2024) Effects of Four-Day School Week on Teachers and Students . Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Cardinale, Nelly (2013) Examining the transition to a four-day school week and investigating post-change faculty/staff work-life balance: A community college case study , 215. Ineligible context - not K-12 schools
Carlson, Robert V (1994) A Case Study of the Impact of a State-Level Policy Designed To Improve Rural Schools in the State of Vermont Occasional Paper No 36 , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Carr, Pamela (2022) An Investigation into the Barriers to Enrollment in New Hampshire Secondary Career and Technical Education . Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Carrera, Catherine (2023) Chalkbeat: Newark superintendent pushes back on unions call for extra two days off Chalkbeat. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Casada, Addi (2024/11/16/) Why a Four-Day Work Week is Beneficial University Wire. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Castle, Shari, And Others (1992) Doubts & Certainties: A Forum on School Transformation from the NEA National Center for Innovation, Vol 7, No 2 Doubts & Certainties, 7(2), 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Cauchemez, Simon; Valleron, Alain-Jacques; Boëlle, Pierre-Yves; Flahault, Antoine; Ferguson, Neil M (2008) Estimating the impact of school closure on influenza transmission from Sentinel data Nature, 452(7188), 750 10.1038/nature06732 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Cawelti, Gordon (1993) Restructuring Large High Schools to Personalize Learning for All , 17. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Chmelynski, Carol (2003) Four-day school weeks? Only if they fit The Education Digest, 68(5), 58. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Clark, Carrie, Hunley, Allen (2007) Freshman Academies on a SHOESTRING Principal Leadership, 7(7), 41. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Cobb, Andrea, Rockholt, Cindy, Miller, Michaela W, Jeffries-Simmons, Tennille (2019) School Day Task Force Report to the Legislature , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Cotti, Chad D; Gordanier, John; Ozturk, Orgul (2018) Class meeting frequency, start times, and academic performance Economics of Education Review, 62(1), 12 101016/jeconedurev201710.010 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Council of Educational Facility Planners, International (1980) Energy Use in Community Schools A Report , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Cox, Casey F; Messiah, Sarah E; Knell, Gregory (2023) Learning Modality and Quality of Life Among US School-Age Children During the Coronavirus Pandemic The Journal of school health, 93(6), 441 101111/josh.13298 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Curtis, Victoria (2003) Court: Charter School Funds Can Be Cut For 4-Day Week Education Daily, 36(233), 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Cypriot Authorities (1988) Primary Education in Cyprus Project No 8: Innovation in Primary Education , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Daruvalla, Abi (1999) Outcry over shorter week The Times Educational Supplement, (4333), 14. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Deffenbaugh, W S (1938) Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1934-1936 Bulletin, 1937, No 2 Volume I Chapter VI: Effects of the Depression upon Public Elementary and Secondary Schools and upon Colleges and Universities Office of Education, United States Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Delvolvé, N, Davila, W (1994) Effets de la semaine de classe de quatre jours sur l’éléve [The effects of a 4-day school week on elementary school students’ cognitive state during the school day] Enfance, 4400 103406/enfan1994.3434 Ineligible publication - not in English
Denning, Carsie K, LeBlanc, Edmond A (1980) Community Education and the Energy Problem CEFP Journal, 18(1), 10. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Department of the Interior Bureau of Education (1920) Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the National Council of Primary Education, Chicago, Illinois, February 25, 1919 Bulletin, 1919, No 69 Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Department of the Interior Bureau of Education (1925) A Manual of Educational Legislation for the Guidance of Committees on Education in the State Legislatures Bulletin, 1924, No 36 Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Department of the Interior Bureau of Education (1925) Statistics of City School Systems, 1921-22 Bulletin, 1924, No 34 Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Department of the Interior Bureau of Education (1926) Survey of Education in Utah Bulletin, 1926, No 18 Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Department of the Interior Bureau of Education (1927) A Manual of Educational Legislation Bulletin, 1926, No 22 Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Department of the Interior Bureau of Education (1927) Biennial Survey of Education, 1922-1924 Bulletin, 1926, No 23 Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Department of the Interior Bureau of Education (1927) Rural School Supervision: Abstracts of Addresses Delivered at the Second Conference of Supervisors of the Southeastern States Held at Raleigh, North Carolina, December 6 and 7, 1926 Bulletin, 1927, No 24 Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Department of the Interior Bureau of Education (1927) Statistics of State School Systems, 1925-26 Bulletin, 1927, No 39 Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
DiMarco, Bella (2023/11/02/) FutureEd: The Promises and Challenges of Extending Learning Time FutureEd. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Diegmueller, Karen (1991) Recession Prompting Districts to Consider 4-Day School Weeks Education Week, 10(24), 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Dismuke, Diane (1992) Four-day week comes to school: a newspaper for members of the National Education Association NEA Today, 11(4), 15. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Division of Educational Statistics Bureau of Educational Research and Development (1962) Digest of Educational Statistics, 1962 Bulletin, 1963, No 10 OE-10024 Office of Education, US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Dixon, A (2011) Focus on the alternative school calendar: Year-round school programs and update on the four-day school week . Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Dixon, Asenith (2010) Focus on the School Calendar Challenge to Lead Series , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Dolge, Adam (2011) Rural districts work to turn challenges into advantages Education Daily, 44(80), 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Dolge, Adam (2012) Florida district seeks 4-day week to bridge budget gap Education Daily, 45(15), 3. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Dolge, Adam (2014) Report: Many ESEA waiver states miss out on ELT potential Education Daily, 47(4), 3. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Domers, Ted (2017) Creating Good Problems: Redesigning High School for College Success Phi Delta Kappan, 99(3), 25 10.1177/0031721717739589 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Donis-Keller, Christine (2010) The 4-Day School Week The Informed Educator Series , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Donis-Keller, Christine, Silvernail, David L (2009) Review of Evidence on Four-Day School Week . Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Dougherty, John W (1980) Scheduling Problems Caused by Declining Enrollments NASSP Bulletin, 64(436), 110. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Durr, Greta (2003) Four-day school week? State Legislatures, 29(5), 21. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Editorial Projects in Education (2016) District Goes to 4-Day Week To Help Struggling Students Education Week, 35(22). Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Edmonson, J B, Bow, Warren E, Van Tassell, Irvin (1924) The Daily Schedule in the High School Bulletin, 1924, No 15 Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Education Commission of the States (2011) A State Policymaker’s Guide to Expanding Learning Time Education Commission of the States, 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Education Resource Strategies (2020) The Economics of Transitioning from Remote to In-Person School: 3 District Planning Levers for Increasing In-Person Learning (When It’s Safe) . Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Egbert, James C (1922) University Summer Schools Bulletin, 1922, No 31 Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Elliott, Edward C (1910) State School Systems: III Legislation and Judicial Decisions Relating to Public Education, October 1, 1908, to October 1, 1909 Bulletin, 1910, No 2 Whole Number 438 United States Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Ellis, George Humphries, III (2004) A comparison between selected 4 x 4 block schedule schools and seven-period traditional schools as measured by the public schools in North Carolina End of Course tests in algebra and biology , 95. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Engberg, John; Gill, Brian; Zamarro, Gema; Zimmer, Ron (2012) Closing schools in a shrinking district: Do student outcomes depend on which schools are closed? Journal of Urban Economics, 71(2), 189 101016/jjue201110.001 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Evans, David K, Mendez Acosta, Amina (2023) How to recruit teachers for hard-to-staff schools: A systematic review of evidence from low- and middle-income countries Economics of Education Review, 95102430 101016/jeconedurev2023.102430 Ineligible context - not in United States
Evans, Nic (2017) Chalk Talks - When Adequate Is Not Adequate Journal of Law and Education, 46(2), 285. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
ExcelinEd (2020) Reopening Schools after COVID-19 Closures: Considerations for States . Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Farbman, David (2012) The Case for Improving and Expanding Time in School: A Review of Key Research and Practice , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Featherstone, Helen (1991) The Rewards of a Four-Day School Week Principal, 71(1), 28. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Fett, Brianna, Fego, Anthony (2011) Shorten the School Week? Scholastic News, 68(8), 3. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Fett, Brianna, Fego, Anthony (2011) Shorten the School Week? Scholastic News, 80(3), 7. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Ford, Colby, Boymandjia, Christine (2010) DEBATE OF THE WEEK Scholastic News, 78(19), 7. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Ford, Colby, Boymandjia, Christine (2010) Four-Day School Weeks? Scholastic News, 72(19), 7. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Foster, Emery M, Herlihy, Lester B, Comstock, Lula M, Isdell, Julia E, Deffenbaugh, Walter S (1933) Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1930-1932 Bulletin, 1933, No 2 Chapter II: Statistics of City School Systems for the Year 1931-32 Office of Education, United States Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Fox, Jill Englebright (1999) “It’s Time To Go Home!” Reframing Dismissal Routines Dimensions of Early Childhood, 27(3), 11. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Friedman, Hershey, Hampton-Sosa, William, Friedman, Linda Weiser (2014) Solving the Mega-Crisis in Education: Concrete, Cost-Effective Solutions Journal of Educational Technology, 10(4), 6. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
GASSE, W (1963) [The physician and the 5-day school] Der Offentliche Gesundheitsdienst, 2594. Ineligible publication - not in English
Gaines, Gale F (2008) Focus on the School Calendar: The Four-Day School Week , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Gallardo, Veronica Maria, Reyna, Sylvia, Ledesma, Lupe, Isais-Garcia, Armando, González, Carlos (2020) Reopening Washington Schools 2020: Guidance for Supporting Migrant Students under Title I, Part C Washington Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Gareau, Marianne, Kennedy, Colleen (1991) Structure Time and Space to Promote Pursuit of Learning in the Primary Grades Young Children, 46(4), 46. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Gill, Brian P, Goyal, Ravi, Hotchkiss, John (2020) Operating Schools in a Pandemic: Predicted Effects of Opening, Quarantining, and Closing Strategies . Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Goodykoontz, Bess (1940) Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1934-1936 Bulletin, 1937, No 2 Volume I Chapter I: Elementary Education, 1930-1936 Office of Education, United States Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Gottlieb, Alan , Lagana, Maya, & Schoales, Van Doing less with less: How a four-day school week aects student learning and the teacher workforce . Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Grant, Sean, Trevino, Shaina, Schweer-Collins, Maria, Day, Elizabeth, Golfen, Joe, Steinka-Fry, Katarzyna, Tanner-Smith, Emily (2024) The Four-Day School Week at K-12 Schools in the United States: Protocol for a Systematic Review of Effects on Student Outcomes . Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Graves, Jennifer (2010) The academic impact of multi-track year-round school calendars: A response to school overcrowding☆ Journal of Urban Economics, 67(3), 378 101016/jjue200911.004 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Greenberg, Glenn (2008) Bye Bye, Bus! Scholastic News, 65(2), 2. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Greenwald, Rob; Hedges, Larry V; Laine, Richard D (1996) The Effect of School Resources on Student Achievement Review of Educational Research, 66(3), 361 10.3102/00346543066003361 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Grittner, Ashley (2024) The Impact of Implementing a Four-Day School Week . Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Gross, Betheny, Opalka, Alice, Gundapaneni, Padma (2020) Getting Back to School: An Update on Plans from across the Country . Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Hall, Sarah (2024/03//) What to Consider About Moving to a Four-Day Week School Administrator, 81(3), 20. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Hall, Sarah Lindenfeld (2024/03//) Embracing the Four-Day School Week School Administrator, 81(3), 16. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Hall, Sarah Lindenfeld (2024/07//) Embracing the Four-Day School Week School Administrator, 81(7), 78. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Hansen, Benjamin (2011) School Year Length and Student Performance: Quasi-Experimental Evidence SSRN Electronic Journal, NA(NA), NA 102139/ssrn.2269846 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Hanson, Havala, Yoon, Sun Young (2018) Idaho’s Educator Landscape: How Is the State’s Teacher Workforce Responding to Its Students’ Needs? , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Harnischfeger, Annegret (1980) Curricular Control and Learning Time: District Policy, Teacher Strategy, and Pupil Choice Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 2(6), 19. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Harnischfeger, Annegret, Wiley, David E (1978) Classroom Control: Room and Time for Improvement Educational Technology. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Harp, Lonnie (1990) Mississippi Schools Are Bracing for Funding ‘Crisis’ Education Week, 10(10), 14. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Harp, Lonnie (1995) Four-day week finds a niche in the rural West Education Week, 14(35), 3. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Harris, Douglas N; Martinez-Pabon, Valentina (2023) Extreme Measures: A National Descriptive Analysis of Closure and Restructuring of Traditional Public, Charter, and Private Schools Education Finance and Policy, NA(NA), 1 10.1162/edfp_a_00386 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Harvard Education Press (2017) Learning Time: In Pursuit of Educational Equity , 300. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Harvey, Gillian (2017) A four-day week? C’est magnifique! The Times Educational Supplement, (5266). Ineligible context - not in United States
Heitin, Liana (2015) Four-Day School Week Linked to Gains in Math: “Does Shortening the School Week Impact Student Performance?: Evidence From the Four-Day School Week” Education Week, 35(4). Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Henton, Deb (2015) Four-Day Talking Points School Administrator, 72(1), 32. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Henton, Deborah M (2015) The Four-Day School Week School Administrator, 72(1), 28. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Herlihy, Lester B, Deffenbaugh, Walter S (1938) Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1934-1936 Bulletin, 1937, No 2 Volume II Chapter III: Statistics of City School Systems, 1935-36 Office of Education, United States Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Herlihy, Lester B, Deffenbaugh, Walter S, Covert, Timon (1941) Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1936-1938 Bulletin, 1940, No 2 Chapter III: Statistics of City School Systems, 1937-38 US Office of Education, Federal Security Agency, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Hess, Frederick M (2023) Rethinking school time Phi Delta Kappan, 104(7), 36 10.1177/00317217231168261 Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Heyward, G (2017) A User’s Guide to the Four-Day School Week: How to Assess District Readiness and Evaluate the Results . Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Heyward, Georgia (2018) What Do We Actually Know about the Four-Day School Week? . Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Heyward, Georgia, McCann, Sarah, Gross, Betheny (2021) States and School Systems Can Act Now to Dismantle Silos between High School, College, and Career . Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Hill, Nancy, Gayle, Latoya (2020) Engaging Parents and Families to Support the Recovery of Districts and Schools Brief No 12 . Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Hill, Paul T, Heyward, Georgia (2017) A troubling contagion: The rural 4-day school week The Brown Center Chalkboard [BLOG]. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Hill, Paul T, Heyward, Georgia L (2018) The Contagion of the Four-Day Week School Administrator, 75(6), 34. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Hill, Paul, Heyward, Georgia (2018) A Primer on the Four-Day School Week School Administrator, 75(6), 36. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Hill, Paul, Heyward, Georgia (2018) Advice for the Move to Four Days School Administrator, 75(6), 37. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Hincapie, Diana (2016) Do Longer School Days Improve Student Achievement? : Evidence from Colombia NA, NA(NA), NA 10.18235/0000268 Ineligible context - not in United States
Hirsch, Eric, Emerick, Scott (2007) Teacher Working Conditions Are Student Learning Conditions: A Report on the 2006 North Carolina Teacher Working Conditions Survey , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Hoffman, Matt (2015) 4-day school week success varies across Montana University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Holt, Laura L, Karr-Kidwell, PJ (1998) Administrative Problems in the Single-Track Year-Round High Schools: Research Findings and Guidelines , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Holt, Maurice (2001) Backtalk Phi Delta Kappan, 82(7), 563. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Howard, Frank R (1981) A Small School District Big on Energy Conservation Small School Forum, 3(1), 8. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Hugill, Barry (1989) Parents sue borough over four-day week The Times Educational Supplement, (3789). Ineligible context - not in United States
Hull, Ray (1980) The Small Secondary Schools: Mechanisms for Making Less Do More , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Hurtt, Alexandria, Cohen, Kramer, Reed, Sherrie (2021) Early Pandemic Response in California: Identifying the Structural and Instructional Changes in K-12 . Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Jackson, C Kirabo; Porter, Shanette; Easton, John; Blanchard, Alyssa; Kiguel, Sebastián (2020) School Effects on Socio-emotional Development, School-Based Arrests, and Educational Attainment NA, NA(NA), NA 10.3386/w26759 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Jackson, Charlotte; Vynnycky, Emilia; Hawker, Jeremy; Olowokure, Babatunde; Mangtani, Punam (2013) School closures and influenza: systematic review of epidemiological studies BMJ open, 3(2), e002149 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002149 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Jacob, Brian A; Lefgren, Lars (2003) Are Idle Hands the Devil’s Workshop? Incapacitation, Concentration and Juvenile Crime American Economic Review, 93(5), 1560 10.1257/000282803322655446 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Jenkins, Joseph R, Gorrafa, Sheila (1973) The Four Day School Week: Scheduling Effects The Journal of Educational Research, 66(10), 479. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Johnston, Robert C (1997) A matter of time: Schools try four-day weeks Education Week, 17(13), 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Jordan, Phyllis (2022) FutureEd: In Dallas, Bold Changes to the School Calendar to Address Covid Slide FutureEd. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Karin, Omer; Bar-On, Yinon M; Milo, Tomer; Katzir, Itay; Mayo, Avi; Korem, Yael; Dudovich, Boaz; Yashiv, Eran; Zehavi, Amos; Davidovitch, Nadav; Milo, Ron; Alon, Uri (2020) Adaptive cyclic exit strategies from lockdown to suppress COVID-19 and allow economic activity NA, NA(NA), NA 101101/20200404.20053579 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Karweit, Nancy (1982) Time on Task: A Research Review Report No 332 , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Kaufman, Betsy B (1978) Education: Language and Snow Days ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 35(4), 425. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Kennedy, Mike (2018) Pueblo (Colo) City Schools adopts 4-day-a-week schedule American School & University. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Killion, Joellen (2016) Establish Time for Learning: Finding Time to Collaborate Takes Creativity and Commitment Journal of Staff Development, 37(3), 26. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Kimmet, James L (1986) Rural Inservice Using Alternate Scheduling , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Kirksey, J Jacob, Lansford, Teresa, Elefante, Joseph (2023) Six Periods a Day, Five Days a Week: Classes Students Miss Most Frequently and Cumulative Impacts on High School Graduation . Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Klein, Alyson (2020) Smart Scheduling Puts Students’ Needs First: The principal of a school in Kentucky went back to the drawing board on his school’s schedule after hearing author Daniel Pink talk about what children really need Education Week, 39(23), 20. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Klein, Alyson (2020) There Are Smart Ways to Use Time to Aid Learning, Research Shows Why Do So Many Schools Ignore Them?: Of all the resources schools need, time may be the most underappreciated While a growing body of research offers best practices for using time wisely in schools, a range of logistical and bureaucratic barriers often get in the way Education Week, 39(23), 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Koki, Stan (1992) Modified School Schedules: A Look at the Research and the Pacific , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Kopmels, Dook (1988) Primary Education in the United Kingdom Project No 8: “Innovation in Primary Education” , 1. Ineligible context - not in United States
Koumpilova, Mila (2023) Chalkbeat: The proposed Chicago school calendar for 2023-24 is out Chalkbeat. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Kraft, MA, Novicoff, S (2022) Instructional Time in US Public Schools: Wide Variation, Causal Effects, and Lost Hours . Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Kraft, Matthew A; Novicoff, Sarah (2024) Time in School: A Conceptual Framework, Synthesis of the Causal Research, and Empirical Exploration American Educational Research Journal, 61(4), 724 10.3102/00028312241251857 Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Krchak, Luke (2022) Opinion | Four-day school week would improve mental health for students University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Krishnaratne, Shari; Littlecott, Hannah; Sell, Kerstin; Burns, Jacob; Rabe, Julia E; Stratil, Jan M; Litwin, Tim; Kreutz, Clemens; Coenen, Michaela; Geffert, Karin; Boger, Anna Helen; Movsisyan, Ani; Kratzer, Suzie; Klinger, Carmen; Wabnitz, Katharina; Strahwald, Brigitte; Verboom, Ben; Rehfuess, Eva; Biallas, Renke L; Jung-Sievers, Caroline; Voss, Stephan; Pfadenhauer, Lisa M (2022) Measures implemented in the school setting to contain the COVID-19 pandemic Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2022(2), NA 101002/14651858.cd015029 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Krishnaratne, Shari; Pfadenhauer, Lisa M; Coenen, Michaela; Geffert, Karin; Jung-Sievers, Caroline; Klinger, Carmen; Kratzer, Suzie; Littlecott, Hannah; Movsisyan, Ani; Rabe, Julia E; Rehfuess, Eva; Sell, Kerstin; Strahwald, Brigitte; Stratil, Jan M; Voss, Stephan; Wabnitz, Katharina; Burns, Jacob (2020) Measures implemented in the school setting to contain the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 12(12), CD013812. NA Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Kuindzhi, N N, Mirskaia, N B, Fal’kovskaia, N M (1992) [Hygienic assessment of experimental teaching of schoolchildren: 5-day school week] Gigiena i sanitariia, (1), 35. Ineligible publication - not in English
Kuzmich, Holly (2020) Rethink the School Day and Year Sketching a New Conservative Education Agenda . Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Kuzmich, Holly (2021) Reimagining School: Rethink the School Day and Year to Better Serve Students and Families What’s Next: Policy Recommendations from the Bush Institute . Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Larson, Joanne, Duret, Eleni, Rees, Jennifer, Anderson, Jessica (2021) Challenging the Autonomous Wall: Literacy Work in an Urban High School Journal of Literacy Research, 53(2), 174 10.1177/1086296X211009279 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Lee, Bruce Y; Brown, Shawn T; Cooley, Philip C; Potter, Maggie A; Wheaton, William D; Voorhees, Ronald E; Stebbins, Samuel; Grefenstette, John J; Zimmer, Shanta M; Zimmerman, Richard K; Assi, Tina Marie; Bailey, Rachel R; Wagener, Diane; Burke, Donald S (2010) Simulating school closure strategies to mitigate an influenza epidemic Journal of public health management and practice : JPHMP, 16(3), 252 101097/phh.0b013e3181ce594e Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Lewis, Anne C (2008) Effects of NCLB’s Focus on Reading and Math The Education Digest, 73(8), 71. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Lewis, Chance W, Dugan, James J, Winokur, Marc A, Cobb, R Brian (2005) The Effects of Block Scheduling on High School Academic Achievement National Association of Secondary School Principals NASSP Bulletin, 89(645), 72. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Lewis, Jared R, Husted, Jessica L, Haniger, Jason T, Davis, Derald E (2016) A Project Focusing on Superintendents’ Knowledge of Evidence-Based Practices of Structuring Time for Student Learning , 146. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Lieberman, Mark (2020) 6 Big Barriers to Restructuring School Schedules: Before districts can overhaul a traditional school schedule, they’re likely to face a wide variety of obstacles, including staff and parent objections, transportation challenges, and more Education Week, 39(23), 17. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Lieberman, Mark (2022) A Finance Officer Who Anticipates the Worst and Plans for the Best Education Week, 41(22). Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Litke, C Del (1994) Implementing the modified four-day school week Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 40(3), 271. Ineligible context - not in United States
Long, Cindy (2016) Four-Day School Weeks More Popular, but Impact on Students and Educators Unclear: a newspaper for members of the National Education Association NEA Today, 35(1), 22. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Lunneblad, Johannes (2017) Integration of Refugee Children and Their Families in the Swedish Preschool: Strategies, Objectives and Standards European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 25(3), 359 101080/1350293X2017.1308162 Ineligible context - not K-12 schools
Lynch, Sarah B (2021) Marking Time, Making Community in Medieval Schools History of Education Quarterly, 61(2), 158 101017/heq2021.7 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
MacDonald, Carol (2008) District’s teachers work 5 days in 4-day school week Education Daily, 41(183), 6. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Maddy Bynes (2015) Column: A week solution for schools University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Malik, S (2021) Four-day school weeks could be a valuable alternative to hustle culture University Wire. Ineligible context - not K-12 schools
Manning, Stephen (2007) House work The Times Educational Supplement, (4741). Ineligible context - not in United States
Mansell, Warwick (2001) Minister challenged over four-day week The Times Educational Supplement, (4440), 3. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Mao, Liang (2011) Agent-based simulation for weekend-extension strategies to mitigate influenza outbreaks BMC public health, 11(1), 522 10.1186/1471-2458-11-522 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Martineau, Lucas (2023/09/25/) We need a four-day workweek, now – The Vermont Cynic University Wire. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Marx, Gary E (2007) Four-Day Week Schedule Research Brief , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
May, Tania, Toney, Alexandra, Collyer, Lee, Stewart, Liz, Lynn, Rebecca, Kitzke, Paula, Story, Jennifer, Guzman, Ryan (2020) Reopening Washington Schools 2020: Special Education Guidance Updated Washington Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
McCormack, Patricia M, IHM (2015) Structure the Home Environment for School Success Today’s Catholic Teacher, 48(6), 60. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
McDonnell, Maureen, Jackson, Jodi (1999) The Close Up Capital Experience: Middle Schoolers Travel to Washington, DC Clearing House, 72(6), 385. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
McGorry, Eugene, McGorry, Susan Y (1998) Intensive Scheduling: A Hybrid Model for the Junior High Clearing House, 71(3), 149. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
McPartland, James M, And Others (1987) School Structures and Classroom Practices in Elementary, Middle, and Secondary Schools Report No 14 , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
McShane, Michael Q (2021) Hybrid Homeschooling: A Guide to the Future of Education . Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Meade, Edward J, Jr (1985) School-Focused Development of Teachers On-the-Job , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Megan Austin, Zena Rudo and Ryan Williams (2020) District Changes in Student Achievement and Local Practice under Georgia’s District and School Flexibility Policy Appendixes REL 2021-051 . Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Miles, Karen Hawley (2019) Seizing the Moment for Transformation: Nine Ways School Systems Can Restructure Resources for Student Success , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Monk, David H (1988) Disparities in Curricular Offerings: Issues and Policy Alternatives for Small Rural Schools Policy Issues , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Moore, Deborah P (2011) Saving Money School Planning & Management, 50(6), 6. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Morales, Tammie Arlene (2018) Raising the Bar for Student Success: A Comparative Study of Traditional versus Non-Traditional School Calendars and Student Academic Achievement , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Mrowka, Karyn Anne Kowalski (2014) Academic Stress in an Achievement Driven Era: Time and School Culture , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Mueller, Joe (2024/08/14/) Report: Colorado must review academic, overall performance of 4-day school week CE Think Tank Newswire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Muir, Mike (2013) The Four Day School Week Research Brief , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Mulholland, Rosie, McKinlay, Andy, Sproule, John (2017) Teachers in Need of Space: The Content and Changing Context of Work Educational Review, 69(2), 181 101080/001319112016.1184131 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Murrell-Speed, Donna L (2006) History shows it’s worth considering in some schools American Teacher, 90(5), 4. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Musson, Mia (2023) Independence Schools shifting to a four-day school week University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
National Education Association of the United States (1987) Year-Round Schools “What Research Says About:” Series, Number 8 National Education Association Data-Search , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
National Education Commission on Time and Learning (1994) Prisoners of Time , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Nazareno, Lori (2016) 4 Steps for Redesigning Time for Student and Teacher Learning Phi Delta Kappan, 98(4), 21 10.1177/0031721716681772 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
New Jersey State Department of Education (1980) Energy Conservation Guidelines - 1: District Level Plan for Conservation , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Newstex (2015) Eye On Boise: Examining the four-day school week, as more Idaho districts adopt it Eye on Boise [The Spokesman-Review, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho - BLOG]. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Newstex (2015) Eye On Boise: New study finds four-day school weeks don’t save school districts money Eye on Boise [The Spokesman-Review, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho - BLOG]. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Newstex (2015) Eye On Boise: One Idaho school district debates switching back from 4-day week to five Eye on Boise [The Spokesman-Review, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho - BLOG]. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Newstex (2015) Eye On Boise: Ybarra unconcerned about 4-day school weeks, says it’s a local decision Eye on Boise [The Spokesman-Review, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho - BLOG]. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Nguyen, Tuan D; Pham, Lam; Crouch, Michael; Springer, Matthew G (2020) The correlates of teacher turnover: An updated and expanded Meta-analysis of the literature Educational Research Review, 31(NA), 100355 101016/jedurev2020.100355 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Nowakowski, James A (1980) Hidden Opportunities in Declining Enrollments American School and University, 52(8), 40. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
O’Laughlin, Jeanne (1982) Future of Catholic Schools: A Perception Education, 102(4), 322. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
O’Neil, I Riley, Adamson, David R (1993) When Less Is More , 39. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
OECD (2011) Quality Time for Students: Learning in and out of School , 272. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
OECD (2016) How Is Learning Time Organised in Primary and Secondary Education? Education Indicators in Focus No 38 , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Oberle, Eva, Zeni, Megan, Munday, Fritha, Brussoni, Mariana (2021) Support Factors and Barriers for Outdoor Learning in Elementary Schools: A Systemic Perspective American Journal of Health Education, 52(5), 251 101080/193250372021.1955232 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Ondrasek, Naomi, Truong, Natalie, Edgerton, Adam K (2021) Marin County: Leveraging Education and Public Health Partnerships to Support School Reopening Research Brief . Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
PROUTY, ROBERT STEWART (1987) MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT AND SELF-ESTEEM AT SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ZAIRE: THE EFFECTS OF PRINCIPALS’ EMPHASIS ON INSTRUCTIONAL LEADERSHIP , 219. Ineligible context - not in United States
Paskill, Ashley (2022) Back To School: The Nanny Conundrum University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Patterson, Paula (2024/03//) Why We Transitioned to a Four-Day Week School Administrator, 81(3), 19. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Patterson, Paula (2024/07//) Why We Transitioned to a Four-Day Week School Administrator, 81(7), 81. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Peetz, Caitlynn (2022) The Learning Recovery Strategy Districts Are Overlooking Education Week, 42(14). Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Perra, Nicola (2021) Non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid review Physics reports, 913(NA), 1 101016/jphysrep202102.001 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Perreault, George, Isaacson, Nancy (1996) Learning from Schools with Restructured Schedules Clearing House, 69(5), 265. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Peña, Mauricio (2023) Chalkbeat: Chicago Public Schools will start before Labor day this fall Chalkbeat. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Phi Delta Kappan (2018) The 50th Annual PDK Poll of the Public’s Attitudes toward the Public Schools Teaching: Great Respect, Dwindling Appeal Phi Delta Kappan, 100(1), 1 10.1177/0031721718797117 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Plucker, Jonathan A, Cierniak, Katherine, Chamberlin, Molly (2012) The Four-Day School Week: Nine Years Later . Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Poe, Hannah, Craighead, Hank (2009) Four-Day School Weeks? Scholastic News, 77(19), 7. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Pompeo, Joe (1981) Here’s a Four-day Week That Works American School Board Journal, 168(11), 37. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Pope, Nolan; Landon, Taylor J (2023) Schedule-Driven Productivity: Evidence from Non-Traditional School Calendars NA, NA(NA), NA 102139/ssrn.4509960 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Prater, Jake (2022) West Nodaway, Nodaway-Holt switch to four-day school week in hopes of bringing in more teachers University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Pérez, Erika (2023) CPS high school students return to classrooms after more than a year of virtual learning University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Rasenberger, Willy, Rasenberger, Jack (2005) DEBATE OF THE WEEK: A Four-Day School Week? Scholastic News, 68(7), 7. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Rasenberger, Willy, Rasenberger, Jack (2005) DEBATE of the Week: Four-day School Week? Scholastic News, 74(7), 7. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Raygor, Brian J (2017) Elementary Science Instruction: Analysis of Teacher Self-Efficacy, Teacher Experience, Schedule Structure, Instructional Time, and Student Achievement , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Reeves, Cynthia, Emerick, Scott, Hirsch, Eric (2006) Creating Non-Instructional Time for Elementary School Teachers: Strategies from Schools in North Carolina , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Reeves, Kimberly (1999) The four-day school week School Administrator, 56(3), 30. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Reinhard, Mary Jo (2017) Pagosa Springs Elementary School: A Study of Teachers’ Collaborative Use of Time Teachers’ Time: Collaborating for Learning, Teaching, and Leading , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Richard, Alan (2002) Rural schools see dividends in four-day week Education Week, 22(4), 6. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Richburg, Robert W, Sjogren, Douglas D (1983) The Four-Day Week— What Are the Advantages for Schools? NASSP Bulletin, 67(459), 60 10.1177/019263658306745911 Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Riley, Richard W, Peterson, Terry K (2009) Before the “Either-Or” Era: Reviving Bipartisanship to Improve America’s Schools Education Digest: Essential Readings Condensed for Quick Review, 74(5), 9. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Robles, Yesenia (2023) Chalkbeat: Four-day school week in 27J schools had negative impacts, study suggests Chalkbeat. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Ronen, Simcha; Primps, Sophia B (1981) The Compressed Work Week as Organizational Change: Behavioral and Attitudinal Outcomes The Academy of Management Review, 6(1), 61 10.2307/257141 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Rosenberg, Merri (2015) What Math Says About Four-Day Week Savings School Administrator, 72(1), 30. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Rowland, Judy (2014) How Does Education in My State Compare? What Every Governor, Chief, Legislator, or Other Elected Official Needs to Know? , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Rozny Sarah (2020) First Person: An unexpected goodbye Phi Delta Kappan, 102(2), 58 10.1177/0031721720963235 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Ruppanner, Leah (2013) Conflict between Work and Family: An Investigation of Four Policy Measures Social Indicators Research, 110(1), 327 10.1007/s11205-011-9933-3 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Rury, John L (1988) The Variable School Year: Measuring Differences in the Length of American School Terms in 1900 Journal of Research and Development in Education, 21(3), 29. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Ryan, Molly (2009) Four-Day School Week . Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Sattin-Bajaj, Carolyn (2023) Student Transportation in Choice-Rich Districts: Implementation Challenges and Responses Education Finance and Policy, 18(2), 351 10.1162/edfp_a_00377 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Sawchuk, Stephen (2021) 4-Day School Weeks: New Research Examines the Benefits and Drawbacks Education Week, 41(11). Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Schank, Susan Kneib, York, Paula (2009) Should schools adopt four-day schedules? American Teacher, 93(8), 3. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Schimke, Ann (2024/08/13/) Chalkbeat: More guardrails for Colorado districts that want 4-day weeks, report urges Chalkbeat. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Schwartz, Brooke (2017) Review committee discusses 13-week schedule, four day school week University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Schwartz, Heather L, Diliberti, Melissa Kay (2021) School Districts Have Expanded Their Nonacademic Services for 2021-2022, While Academic Offerings Remain Much the Same: Selected Findings from the Third American School District Panel Survey Data Note: Insights from the American Educator Panels Research Report RR-A956-4 . Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Schwartz, Heather L, Diliberti, Melissa Kay, Berdie, Lisa, Grant, David, Hunter, Gerald P, Setodji, Claude Messan (2021) Urban and Rural Districts Showed a Strong Divide during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from the Second American School District Panel Survey Research Report RR-A956-2 . Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Schwartz, Sarah (2022) Schools Want to ‘Accelerate’ Student Learning Here’s What That Means Education Week, 41(27). Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Schwartzbeck, Terri Duggan (2003) Declining Counties, Declining School Enrollments , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Schwerter, Jakob; Netz, Nicolai; Hübner, Nicolas (2022) Do School Reforms Shape Study Behavior at University? Evidence From an Instructional Time Reform SSRN Electronic Journal, NA(NA), NA 102139/ssrn.4166635 Ineligible context - not K-12 schools
Scott, Victor (1999) Time and Civility: Sounding Board American School Board Journal, 186(1), 43. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Show-Me Institute, Missouri (2024/09/20/) The Four-Day School Week Continues to Grow in Missouri CE Think Tank Newswire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Show-Me Institute, Missouri (2024/12/09/) The Four-Day School Week and Finances CE Think Tank Newswire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Shultz, Glen F (1982) An Addendum to Kindergarten Scheduling: Full Day - Alternate Days or Half Day - Every Day A Follow-Up Report , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Silva, Elena (2010) Rebuild It and They Will Come Educational Leadership, 67(8), 60. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Skiba, Katarzyna (2024/09/03/) The “Four-Day School Week” Experiments Are Multiplying Around The World Worldcrunch. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Sliwa, Sarah A; Chang Chusan, Yuilyn A; Dahlstrom, Christina (2023) Opportunities in the Extended Day: Approaches for Promoting Physical Activity and Healthy Eating During Out-of-School Time The Journal of school health, 93(9), 813 101111/josh.13370 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Smith, Aubrey (2025/02/13/) Several Utah school districts transition to a four-day school week University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Sorensen, Joshua (2009) The perceived effects of a four-day workweek and employer-sponsored child care on affective organizational commitment , 37. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Sparks, Sarah D (2018) School Schedules: “What Do We Actually Know About the Four-Day School Week?” Education Week, 37(35). Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Sparks, Sarah D (2020) Time and Schools: What the Research Says: A number of studies over the past decade offer best practices and solutions for making better use of time in the school day to aid student learning Education Week honed in on several that have definitive findings and focus on areas that might be actionable and effective for K-12 Education Week, 39(23), 16. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Sparks, Sarah D (2021) What’s the Least Risky Hybrid Model to Bring Students Back to School? Education Week, 40(26). Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Sparks, Sarah D (2023) 4 Studies to Know on 4-Day School Weeks Education Week, 42(25). Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Special Commission on Early Childhood (1995) Children First: A Plan for an Early Care and Education System for Massachusetts Report of the Special Commission on Early Childhood , 1. Ineligible context - not K-12 schools
Spencer, Carol J, And Others (1983) Manage the Development of Master Schedules Module LT-B-3 of Category B–Instructional Management Competency-Based Vocational Education Administrator Module Series , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Statistical Division of the Bureau of Education (1920) Private High Schools and Academies, 1917-18 Bulletin, 1920, No 3 Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Steuber, Taylor D, Trujillo, Daniel, McCoy, Emily K, Pinner, Nathan A, Hornsby, Lori, Andrus, Miranda R, Kleppinger, Erika L, Eiland, Lea S (2024) Evaluation of Student Academic Performance After Curricular Content Reduction American journal of pharmaceutical education, 88(7), 100721 101016/jajpe2024.100721 Ineligible context - not K-12 schools
Stewart, William (2003) Desperately seeking L25 billion The Times Educational Supplement, (4531), 10. Ineligible context - not in United States
Stuckman, Jeffrey A (1981) The Four-Day Operational Week Experience at Florida Junior College (FJC): Report of Evaluation Process Study , 1. Ineligible context - not K-12 schools
Sutcher, Leib; Darling-Hammond, Linda; Carver-Thomas, Desiree (2016) A Coming Crisis in Teaching? Teacher Supply, Demand, and Shortages in the US NA, NA(NA), NA 1054300/247.242 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Syren, Lillian (2024/01/31/) Mock Thesis: Whether Aquinas Should Implement a Four-Day School Week University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Szelag, Brittney, Alvarado, Andrew (2004) Four-day school week? Scholastic News, 66(4), 7. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
THE World Universities Insights Limited (2019) The four-day week: will it catch on in academia? Times Higher Education, (THE 2404). Ineligible context - not K-12 schools
Taie, Soheyla, Goldring, Rebecca (2019) Characteristics of Public and Private Elementary and Secondary Schools in the United States: Results from the 2017-18 National Teacher and Principal Survey First Look NCES 2019-140 , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
The Collegian (2016) The state of Oklahoma schools: the four day week 31 October 2016 University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
The Surnmerbridge National Project (1993) Summerbridge San Francisco Established 1978 at San Francisco University High School Information Packet , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
The University of the State of New York (1978) A Study of School Calendars , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
The University of the State of New York (1978) Energy Saving Practices in Schools Technical Report No 4 of a Study of School Calendars , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
The University of the State of New York (1978) Energy Sources, Costs and Availability Technical Report No 1 of a Study of School Calendars , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
The University of the State of New York (1978) Learning, Retention and Forgetting Technical Report No 5 of a Study of School Calendars , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
The University of the State of New York (1978) School Calendars and Energy Use Technical Report No 3 of a Study of School Calendars A Study of the Energy Implications of Nine School Calendars in “Typical” New York State Elementary Schools , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
The University of the State of New York (1978) Teacher Attendance Patterns Technical Report No 7 of a Study of School Calendars , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Thompson, Paul N (2021) The Shrinking School Week: Effects of a four-day schedule on student achievement Education Next. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Thompson, Paul, Morton, Emily (2021) 4-day school weeks: Educational innovation or detriment? The Brown Center Chalkboard [BLOG]. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Turner, Jon (2022) Missouri suburban district copies rural four-day school week strategy to attract teachers University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
UWIRE Text (2016) Stanley County School Board won’t consider 5-day school week University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Uloop, Inc (2019) When Five Days Becomes Four University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Veil, J (2022) Four is better than five: A push for a four-day school week University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Virginia Department of Education (1992) Instructional Time and Student Learning: A Study of the School Calendar and Instructional Time , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Vokey, Scott (2022) Can local governments embrace a four-day week? Municipal World, 132(7), 11. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Vu, Connie, Miles, Alexander (2014) DeBaTe: Should the School Week Be Shorter? Scholastic News, 83(3), 7. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Wahlstrom, Kyla L (1999) The Prickly Politics of School Starting Times Phi Delta Kappan, 80(5), 344. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Waite, Mary G (1926) The Kindergarten in Certain City School Surveys Bulletin, 1926, No 13 Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Ward, Helen (2003) Essex snubs Easter schools The Times Educational Supplement, (4532), 12. Ineligible context - not in United States
Wasley, Patricia A (1997) Alternative Schedules: What, How, and to What End? Our Children, 22(5), 38. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Watterston, Jim, Zhao, Yong (2023) Rethinking the time spent at school: Could flexibility improve engagement and performance for students and teachers? Prospects, 1 10.1007/s11125-023-09638-9 Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Watts, Gary D, Castle, Shari (1993) The Time Dilemma in School Restructuring , 306. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Weisburg, Hilda K, Toor, Ruth (2004) We’re going to flexible scheduling – Now what? School Librarian’s Workshop, 25(2), 9. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
White, Madison (2018) Tarleton students get five day weekend University Wire. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
White, William D (1993) Why a Year Round School District Moved from a Multi-Track to a Single Track Operation , 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Whittle, Chris (2005) Crash Course: Imagining a Better Future for Public Education Luncheon Series , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Windes, Eustace E (1927) Bibliography of Studies in Secondary Education Bulletin, 1927, No 27 Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, 1. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Wolfe, Frank (2008) More districts consider switching to 4-day school week Education Daily, 41(151), 3. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Wolfe, Frank (2011) Learning time received policymakers’ attention Education Daily, 44(222), 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Wolgemuth, Jennifer R, Cobb, R Brian, Winokur, Marc A, Leech, Nancy, Ellerby, Dick (2006) Comparing Longitudinal Academic Achievement of Full-Day and Half-Day Kindergarten Students Journal of Educational Research, 99(5), 260. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Wolk, Ronald A (2011) Wasting Minds: Why Our Education System Is Failing and What We Can Do about It , 202. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Woods, Julie Rowland (2015) Instructional Time Trends Education Trends , 1. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Wormeli, Rick (2016) What to Do in Week One? Educational Leadership, 74(1), 10. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Wu, Derek (2020) Disentangling the Effects of the School Year from the School Day: Evidence from the TIMSS Assessments Education Finance and Policy, 15(1), 104 10.1162/edfp_a_00265 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Young, Charles F, Gonzales, Lisa M (2017) Using Questions To Blow the Lid Off What’s Possible School Administrator, 74(10), 15. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Young, Raymond J, Berger, Donald E (1983) Evaluation of a Year-Round Junior High School Operation NASSP Bulletin, 67(459), 53. Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Zafarnejad, Reyhaneh; Griffin, Paul M (2021) Assessing school-based policy actions for COVID-19: An agent-based analysis of incremental infection risk Computers in biology and medicine, 134(NA), 104518 101016/jcompbiomed2021.104518 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week
Zee, Marjolein, Hanna, Fadie (2024) Managing the four-day school week: Essential insights for primary school administrators Management in Education, 08920206241273746 10.1177/08920206241273746 Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Zehr, Mary Ann (2001) Wyo District Board adopts 4-day week Education Week, 20(33), 4. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
Zubrzycki, Jaclyn (2012) School Schedule: “Does Shortening the School Week Impact Student Performance? Evidence From the Four-Day School Week” Education Week, 31(24), 5. Ineligible study design - not empirical research
y Langer Research Associates for PDK International (2024/03//) Poll Points: What does the public think about expanding time in school? Phi Delta Kappan, 105(6), 72 https://doiorg/10.1177/00317217241238119 Ineligible concept - not four-day school week

10.2 Appendix 2. List of Studies Awaiting Classification

Study Reason
Aksianova, E A, Syrtsova, M A (1991) [Hygienic assessment of the organization of teaching of lower classes during a 5-day school week] Gigiena i sanitariia, (9), 55. Could not locate document
Anonymous (1981) Conference Proceedings: Annual Colorado Conference on Rural Education (1st, Ft Collins, Colorado, June 7-8, 1981) , 1. Could not locate document
Anonymous (1999) Resources for Planning the School Calendar, 2000-2001 , 108. Could not locate document
Anonymous (2011) Schools Break the Mold to Produce Graduates Ready for Success in College and Careers Southern Regional Education Board (SREB), 1. Could not locate document
Bathurst, Effie G, Davis, Mary Dabney, Gabbard, Hazel, Mackintosh, Helen K, Patterson, Don S (1949) Organization and Supervision of Elementary Education in 100 Cities Bulletin, 1949, No 11 Office of Education, Federal Security Agency, 1. Could not locate document
Burke, Richard J (1978) Effective Cash Management for Schools: The Budget as a Control Document Momentum, 9(4), 16. Could not locate document
Cawelti, Gordon (1997) Effects of High School Restructuring: Ten Schools at Work ERS Concerns in Education Series , 1. Could not locate document
Goryński, P, Polus-Szeniawska, E, Sierpień, Z, Tarnowska, L, Zdunkiewicz, L (1983) [Changes in the disposition to work during the 5-day school week] Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny, 34(2), 209. Could not locate document
Howell, Vicki T (1988) An Examination of Year-Round Education: Pros and Cons That Challenge Schooling in America , 1. Could not locate document
Igasaki, G (1972) [5-day-week system and the school] [Kango kyoiku] Japanese journal of nurses’ education, 13(9), 559. Could not locate document
Jones, Kevin (2023) 4-Day School Week Trending Across US . Could not locate document
Nowak, B (1958) [5-Day school week; contribution to its medical aspects] Der Offentliche Gesundheitsdienst, 20(4), 127. Could not locate document
Nowakowski, James A (1980) IIRP: The Human Factor Momentum, 11(2), 20. Could not locate document
Sisco, Frankie H, Anderson, Richard J (1978) Current findings regarding the performance of deaf children on the WISC-R American Annals of the Deaf, 123115. Could not locate document
Stiverson, C L (1982) Colorado’s Alternative School Calendar Program Rural Educator, 3(3), 25. Could not locate document
Van Roekel, Dennis (2011) Facing a New Reality: a newspaper for members of the National Education Association NEA Today, 9. Could not locate document
Vaughns, A J (1996) School Renewal and Non-Instructional Time for Teachers: Profiles From the National Network for Educational Renewal Professional Practice Series , 1. Could not locate document
Wolfe, Frank (2008) 4-day school week gains popularity as prices surge Education Grants Alert, 5(5), 1. Could not locate document
Zdunkiewicz, L, Goryński, P, Polus-Szeniawska, E (1985) [Changes in the psychophysical fitness of schoolchildren during a 5-day school week] Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny, 36(5), 411. Could not locate document

10.3 Appendix 3. Characteristics of Included Studies

Study Ainsworth 2024
Title Less is More? The Causal Effect of Four-Day School Weeks on Employee
Publication Type Preprint
Data Years 2006-2023
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity White; Other
State(s) Oregon
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Staff/Teacher Retention
Equity Domain Studied Community Type (Rurality); Gifted Student Status; Race/Ethnicity; SES; Special Education
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Ainsworth, Aaron J, Penner, Emily K, Liu, Yujia (2024) Less is More? The Causal Effect of Four-Day School Weeks on Employee , 10.26300/QGTJ-MJ51
Study Akins 2022
Title Four-Day Modified School Systems in Rural Oklahoma
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years Not Reported
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Oklahoma
Fifth Day Activity Extracurriculars (clubs, sports); Nothing (shut down school); Student Instruction
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators; Teachers
Citation(s) Akins, Bryan (2022) Four-Day Modified School Systems in Rural Oklahoma Electronic Theses and Dissertations.
Study Amys 2016
Title The four-day school week: Research on extended weekends
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2015-2016
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Not Reported
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity White
State(s) Montana
Fifth Day Activity Extracurriculars (clubs, sports); Student Instruction
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators; Athletics; Parents; Students; Teachers
Citation(s) Amys, Ryan Donald (2016) The four-day school week: Research on extended weekends , 128.
Study Anderson 2015
Title Does Shortening the School Week Impact Student Performance? Evidence from the Four-Day School Week
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2000-2010
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary
Grade Level 4-5
Student Race/Ethnicity Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Colorado
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attendance
Equity Domain Studied SES
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Anderson, D Mark, Walker, Mary Beth (2015) Does Shortening the School Week Impact Student Performance? Evidence from the Four-Day School Week Education Finance and Policy, 10(3), 314 10.1162/EDFP_a_00165
Study Anglum 2021
Title Keeping Up With the Joneses: District Adoption of the 4-Day School Week in Rural Missouri
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2010-2019
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Priority; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Anglum, J Cameron, Park, Aaron (2021) Keeping Up With the Joneses: District Adoption of the 4-Day School Week in Rural Missouri AERA Open, 723328584211002842 10.1177/23328584211002842
Study Baker 2021
Title Modernizing the School Calendar to Fit the Needs of the 21st-Century Student
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2014-2019
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Middle
Grade Level 7-8
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Before-After Study
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attendance
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Equity; Feasibility; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Principals; Teachers
Citation(s) Baker, David K (2021) Modernizing the School Calendar to Fit the Needs of the 21st-Century Student , 143.
Study Barber 2022
Title Essays on Effects of Public Policies
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2006-2022
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Oklahoma
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Staff/Teacher Retention
Equity Domain Studied Community Type (Rurality)
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Barber, Andrew (2022) Essays on Effects of Public Policies, 142.

Barber, A (2018) Four-Day School: Too Legit to Quit? Labor Supply Responses to the Adoption of Compressed School Weeks.
Study Barnes 2025
Title FOUR-DAY SCHOOL WEEK ACROSS STATE LINES: INSIGHTS ON ATTENDANCE FROM MISSOURI AND ARKSANSAS
Publication Type Report
Data Years 2010-2023
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Not Reported
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Arkansas; Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Attendance
Equity Domain Studied SES
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Barnes, Kate, McKenzie, Sarah (2025) FOUR-DAY SCHOOL WEEK ACROSS STATE LINES: INSIGHTS ON ATTENDANCE FROM MISSOURI AND ARKSANSAS .
Study Barzee 2020
Title Academic Impact of Rural Idaho Schools on the Four-Day School Week: A Quantitative Research Study
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2014-2019
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Idaho
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (without controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Race/Ethnicity; SES
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Barzee, Spencer (2020) Academic Impact of Rural Idaho Schools on the Four-Day School Week: A Quantitative Research Study , 137.
Study Bell 2011
Title Can the 4-day school week work: An analysis of the impact of the 4-day school week on a rural Georgia school district
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2008-2010
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White; Other
State(s) Georgia
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Before-After Study
Outcome Domain Studied Attendance
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators; Teachers
Citation(s) Bell, Jeffrey L (2011) Can the 4-day school week work: An analysis of the impact of the 4-day school week on a rural Georgia school district , 120.
Study Blackadar 1986
Title Cotopaxi/Westcliffe Follow Through Project. Final Evaluation Report
Publication Type Report
Data Years Not Reported
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary
Grade Level 1-4
Student Race/Ethnicity White; Other
State(s) Colorado
Fifth Day Activity Teacher In-Service
Study Design Before-After Study
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; School Climate; School Disciplinary Incidents
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity; Feasibility; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Blackadar, Ann Riley, Nachtigal, Paul (1986) Cotopaxi/Westcliffe Follow Through Project Final Evaluation Report , 1.
Study Blalock Jr 2024
Title Teachers’ Perception of How A 4-Day School Week Impacts Employee Attendance, Recruitment and Retention, and Wellness/Work-Life Balance
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2023
Community Type (Rurality) Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Ohio
Fifth Day Activity Child Care
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Teachers
Citation(s) Blalock Jr Jr, Eugene Elden (2024) Teachers’ Perception of How A 4-Day School Week Impacts Employee Attendance, Recruitment and Retention, and Wellness/Work-Life Balance .
Study Bowser 2025
Title The four day gamble: The quasi-experimental effects of four-day school week adoption on teacher, principal, and paraprofessional staff turnover and district financial outcomes
Publication Type Preprint
Data Years 2003-2020
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity White; Other
State(s) Colorado
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Staff/Teacher Retention
Equity Domain Studied Community Type (Rurality)
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Bowser, K M (2025) The four day gamble: The quasi-experimental effects of four-day school week adoption on teacher, principal, and paraprofessional staff turnover and district financial outcomes EdWorkingPaper No 25 -1208.

Bowser, Katherine M (2024) Is Less More? The Quasi-Experimental Effects of Four-Day School Week Adoption on Teacher, Principal, and Paraprofessional Staff Turnover and District Financial Outcomes.
Study Braun 2018
Title The Impact of a Four-Day School Week on High School Student College Readiness and District Financial Savings
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2014-2018
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Kansas
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Matched Pair Design
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Race/Ethnicity; SES
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Braun, LM (2018) The Impact of a Four-Day School Week on High School Student College Readiness and District Financial Savings .
Study Bronson 2010
Title Investigation of the four-day school week
Publication Type Student: Masters Thesis
Data Years 2009-2010
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Oregon
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators; Members; Parents; Students; Teachers
Citation(s) Bronson, Elizabeth L (2010) Investigation of the four-day school week , 73.
Study Brunjes 1996
Title A study of alternative high school scheduling
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years Not Reported
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools High
Grade Level 9-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Arizona; Colorado; Missouri; New Mexico; North Carolina; Oregon
Fifth Day Activity Extracurriculars (clubs, sports); Nothing (shut down school); Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Brunjes, Patricia Kelley (1996) A study of alternative high school scheduling , 166.
Study Burns 2021
Title Effectiveness of isolation policies in schools: evidence from a mathematical model of influenza and COVID-19.
Publication Type Journal
Data Years Not Reported
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Not Reported
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Not Reported
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Computational Model
Outcome Domain Studied Health
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Burns, Adam A C, Gutfraind, Alexander (2021) Effectiveness of isolation policies in schools: evidence from a mathematical model of influenza and COVID-19 PeerJ, 9e11211 107717/peerj.11211

Burns, Adam A C, Gutfraind, Alexander (2020) Effectiveness of Isolation Policies in Schools: Evidence from a Mathematical Model of Influenza and COVID-19, 101101/20200326.20044750
Study Byerly 2019
Title The Impact of the Four-Day School Week, District Financial Decisions, and Characteristics on Teacher Retention
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2013-2017
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Oklahoma
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (with controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Staff/Teacher Retention
Equity Domain Studied Community Type (Rurality)
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Byerly, Channa (2019) The Impact of the Four-Day School Week, District Financial Decisions, and Characteristics on Teacher Retention .
Study Camp 2024
Title Teacher Retention and Quality in the Four-Day School Week
Publication Type Preprint
Data Years 2013-2024
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White; Other
State(s) Arkansas
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Staff/Teacher Retention
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Camp, Andrew Teacher Retention and Quality in the Four-Day School Week.

Camp, Andrew Mitchell (2024) The Educator Labor Market in Times of Change: Lessons From the COVID-19 Pandemic ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 152.
Study Camp 2024
Title Teacher Retention and the Four-Day School Week in Missouri
Publication Type Report
Data Years 2008-2023
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Staff/Teacher Retention
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Andrew M Camp, Taylor Wilson, Yujia Liu, J Cameron Anglum, Anita Manion, & Tuan Nguyen (2024) Teacher Retention and the Four-Day School Week in Missouri PRiME Center | St Louis University.
Study Camp 2024
Title Teacher Quality and Turnover in the Four Day School Week
Publication Type Preprint
Data Years 2011-2024
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Not Reported
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Arkansas
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Staff/Teacher Retention
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Camp, Andrew (2024) Teacher Quality and Turnover in the Four Day School Week .
Study Carter 2013
Title The school leader and policymaker’s guide to a four-day school week: Considerations, implementation, tools, and best practice
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2013
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Not Reported
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Carter, Gregory, Hull, Lisa Suzanne, Odneal, Becky, Roling, Tim (2013) The school leader and policymaker’s guide to a four-day school week: Considerations, implementation, tools, and best practice , 93.
Study Charlton 1983
Title A Study of Colorado’s Four-Day School Week Program As It Relates to Utilization of School Facilities
Publication Type Student: Masters Thesis
Data Years Not Reported
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Not Reported
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Colorado
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Charlton, Colleen A (1983) A Study of Colorado’s Four-Day School Week Program As It Relates to Utilization of School Facilities , 1.
Study Collins 2019
Title The Impact of Four-Day School Weeks and Fifth-Day Programs on Delinquency and Problem Behaviors in Adolescents
Publication Type Student: Undergraduate Thesis
Data Years 2004-2016
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Middle; High
Grade Level 6-12
Student Race/Ethnicity American Indian and/or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander; White
State(s) Colorado
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Attendance; Criminal Activity; School Disciplinary Incidents
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Collins, Emily (2019) The Impact of Four-Day School Weeks and Fifth-Day Programs on Delinquency and Problem Behaviors in Adolescents Scripps Senior Theses.
Study Cooley 2016
Title Weekends as social distancing and their effect on the spread of influenza
Publication Type Journal
Data Years Not Reported
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity White
State(s) Illinois
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Computational Model
Outcome Domain Studied Health
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Cooley, Philip C, Bartsch, Sarah M, Brown, Shawn T, Wheaton, William D, Wagener, Diane K, Lee, Bruce Y (2016) Weekends as social distancing and their effect on the spread of influenza Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory, 22(1), 71 10.1007/s10588-015-9198-5
Study Crook 2022
Title A Quantitative Study of the Impact of Four-Day School Weeks on Teacher Retention in Rural Public School Districts
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2018-2020
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Idaho
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school)
Study Design Between-Group (without controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Staff/Teacher Retention
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Crook, Rebecca Walters (2022) A Quantitative Study of the Impact of Four-Day School Weeks on Teacher Retention in Rural Public School Districts , 154.
Study Dailey 2019
Title Effects of the 4-Day School Week on School Performance in Missouri High Schools
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2017-2018
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Urban
Education Level of Schools High
Grade Level 9-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Matched Pair Design
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attainment; Attendance
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Dailey, HB (2019) Effects of the 4-Day School Week on School Performance in Missouri High Schools .
Study Daleske 2020
Title Comparing Student Achievement and School Climate in Four-Day and Five-Day Secondary Schools in Missouri
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2015-2016
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools High
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (without controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attendance; School Climate
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Daleske, William Gordon (2020) Comparing Student Achievement and School Climate in Four-Day and Five-Day Secondary Schools in Missouri , 133.
Study Daly 1984
Title Student Achievement in the Four-Day School Week
Publication Type Report
Data Years Not Reported
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle
Grade Level 3-7
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Colorado
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (without controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Daly, Joseph L, Richburg, Robert W (1984) Student Achievement in the Four-Day School Week .
Study Dam 2006
Title The 4 Day School Week
Publication Type Report
Data Years 2006
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Colorado
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Feasibility; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Members; Parents; Students; Teachers
Citation(s) Dam, Ai (2006) The 4 Day School Week , 1.
Study Diedrichs 2014
Title The schedule effect: can recurrent peak infections be reduced without vaccines, quarantines or school closings?
Publication Type Journal
Data Years Not Reported
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Not Reported
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Not Reported
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Computational Model
Outcome Domain Studied Health
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Diedrichs, Danilo R; Isihara, Paul; Buursma, Doeke D (2013) The schedule effect: can recurrent peak infections be reduced without vaccines, quarantines or school closings? Mathematical biosciences, 248(NA), 46 101016/jmbs201312.004
Study Dolezal 2018
Title Students’ Scores and Attendance: A Study of South Dakota Schools with Four-Day Schedules
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years Not Reported
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity American Indian and/or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White; Other
State(s) South Dakota
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Before-After Study
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attendance
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Dolezal, Dennis W (2018) Students’ Scores and Attendance: A Study of South Dakota Schools with Four-Day Schedules , 74.
Study Domier 2009
Title Every second counts: School week and achievement.
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2005-2008
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary
Grade Level 3
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Colorado
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (without controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Domier, Paddy Sertich (2010) Every second counts: School week and achievement , 702315.
Study Duchscherer 2011
Title A Case Study: Transitioning From A Five-Day School Week To A Four-Day School Week
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years Not Reported
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Minnesota
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school)
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators; Athletics; Principals; Members; Superintendents
Citation(s) Duchscherer, Brian (2011) A Case Study: Transitioning From A Five-Day School Week To A Four-Day School Week Theses and Dissertations.
Study Estes 2021
Title An Exploration of Unintended Effects of Education Policies in the United States
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2010-2018
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools High
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Colorado; Idaho; Kansas; Missouri; New Mexico; Oklahoma; South Dakota; Wyoming
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Health
Equity Domain Studied Sex/Gender
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Estes, Kevin (2021) An Exploration of Unintended Effects of Education Policies in the United States , 168.
Study Fagergren 2003
Title The Four-Day School Week: An Examination of Long-Term Student Achievement at the Middle and Secondary Levels
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 1979-1994
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Middle; High
Grade Level 8; 11-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Arizona
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school)
Study Design Before-After Study
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Members; Parents
Citation(s) Fagergren, Peter J (2003) The Four-Day School Week: An Examination of Long-Term Student Achievement at the Middle and Secondary Levels .
Study Farber 2023
Title A Quasi-Experimental Study Comparing Work-Life Balance and Turnover Intentions Among Rural Oklahoma Classroom Teachers Working Four-Day and Five-Day School Weeks
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2022
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity American Indian and/or Alaska Native; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White; Other
State(s) Oklahoma
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (without controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Staff/Teacher Retention
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Farber, Misty Dawn (2023) A Quasi-Experimental Study Comparing Work-Life Balance and Turnover Intentions Among Rural Oklahoma Classroom Teachers Working Four-Day and Five-Day School Weeks , 140.
Study Farris 2013
Title The four-day school week: Teacher perceptions in a rural/secondary setting
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2004-2006; 2011-2012
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools High
Grade Level 9-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Idaho
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school)
Study Design Descriptive Statistics Only
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attendance
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Equity; Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Teachers
Citation(s) Farris, Brandon (2013) The four-day school week: Teacher perceptions in a rural/secondary setting , 100.
Study Fay 2019
Title The Four-Day School Week: Teacher Retention and Recruitment, Perceptions, and Achievement
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2017-2018
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity White; Other
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Teacher In-Service
Study Design Between-Group (without controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Staff/Teacher Retention
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Principals; Teachers
Citation(s) Fay, Peter Damian (2019) The Four-Day School Week: Teacher Retention and Recruitment, Perceptions, and Achievement , 127.
Study Feaster 2002
Title The effects of the four -day school week in Custer, South Dakota
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 1994-2002
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) South Dakota
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school)
Study Design Descriptive Statistics Only
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attendance
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Equity; Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators; Members; Parents; Staff; Students; Teachers
Citation(s) Feaster, Rebecca Ann (2002) The effects of the four -day school week in Custer, South Dakota , 121.
Study Feldhausen 1981
Title The 4-Day School Week: A Partial Solution to Today’s Energy Crisis and Declining State Funding to Education
Publication Type Report
Data Years 1975; 1980-1981
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; High
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Washington
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Feasibility; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Counselors; Principals; Teachers
Citation(s) Feldhausen, Thomas (1981) The 4-Day School Week: A Partial Solution to Today’s Energy Crisis and Declining State Funding to Education , 1.
Study Fischer 2018
Title Juvenile crime and the four-day school week
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 1997-2014
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools High
Grade Level 9-12
Student Race/Ethnicity White
State(s) Colorado
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Criminal Activity
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Fischer, Stefanie, Argyle, Daniel (2018) Juvenile crime and the four-day school week Economics of Education Review, 6431 101016/jeconedurev201803.010

Argyle, Daniel Wecker (2014) Essays on Social Influences in Economic Decision Making, 151.

Fischer, Stefanie Jane (2015) Essays on Human and Social Capital Accumulation, 144.
Study Frank 2024
Title Longer days and fewer total hours: examining the four-day school week in Missouri
Publication Type Report
Data Years 2009-2024
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity White; Other
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (without controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attainment; Staff/Teacher Retention
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Priority; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Avery Frank and James V Shuls (2024) Longer days and fewer total hours: examining the four-day school week in Missouri .
Study Giger 2012
Title The Impact of the Four-day School Week on Student Achievement
Publication Type Student: Masters Thesis
Data Years 2008-2011
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary
Grade Level 3-5
Student Race/Ethnicity American Indian and/or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Before-After Study
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Giger, M (2012) The Impact of the Four-day School Week on Student Achievement .
Study Goldring 2020
Title Shortened School Weeks in U.S. Public Schools. Data Point. NCES 2020-011
Publication Type Report
Data Years 2017-2018
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Arizona; California; Colorado; Idaho; Minnesota; Missouri; Montana; Nevada; New Mexico; North Dakota; Oklahoma; Oregon; South Dakota; Wyoming
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Priority
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Goldring, Rebecca (2020) Shortened School Weeks in US Public Schools Data Point NCES 2020-011 .
Study Gower 2017
Title Interpreting the Impact of the Four-Day School Week: An Examination of Performance Before and After Switching to the Four-Day School Week
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2010-2016
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Before-After Study
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attainment; Attendance
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators; Teachers
Citation(s) Gower, Matthew Lee (2017) Interpreting the Impact of the Four-Day School Week: An Examination of Performance Before and After Switching to the Four-Day School Week , 193.
Study Grant 2016
Title Assessing Barriers and Enhancers to Increasing Physical Activity during the School Day in Children on an American Indian Reservation: A Qualitative Research Study.
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2011
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary
Grade Level 4-6
Student Race/Ethnicity American Indian and/or Alaska Native; White
State(s) Montana
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Members; Parents; Staff; Teachers
Citation(s) Grant, Vernon, Swaney, Gyda, Harris, Kari Jo, Burdeau, Zebah, Brown, Blakely (2016) Assessing Barriers and Enhancers to Increasing Physical Activity during the School Day in Children on an American Indian Reservation: A Qualitative Research Study Health behavior and policy review, 3(5), 429 1014485/hbpr35.3
Study Grau 1987
Title The Four Day School Week: An Investigation and Analysis
Publication Type Report
Data Years 1982-1986
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle
Grade Level 3; 5; 8
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) New Mexico
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Descriptive Statistics Only
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Grau, Elnabeth, Shaughnessy, Michael F (1987) The Four Day School Week: An Investigation and Analysis .
Study Griffith 2011
Title What Savings Are Produced by Moving to a Four-Day School Week?
Publication Type Report
Data Years 2007-2008
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Not Reported
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Arizona; Colorado; Florida; Minnesota
Fifth Day Activity Extracurriculars (clubs, sports); Student Instruction; Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Griffith, Michael (2011) What Savings Are Produced by Moving to a Four-Day School Week? .
Study Gull 2016
Title Impact of four-day school week on primary grade student achievement.
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2015
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Elementary
Grade Level 1-3
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Colorado; Montana; Wyoming
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Student Instruction; Teacher In-Service
Study Design Matched Pair Design
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attendance
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Gull, Colby Clinton (2024) Impact of four-day school week on primary grade student achievement , 85(2-A), No.
Study Gushwa 1985
Title A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF THREE MINNESOTA SCHOOL DISTRICTS EMPLOYING THE FOUR-DAY-WEEK DURING 1982-1983
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 1979-1983
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Minnesota
Fifth Day Activity Extracurriculars (clubs, sports); Nothing (shut down school); Teacher In-Service
Study Design Descriptive Statistics Only
Outcome Domain Studied Attendance
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Equity; Feasibility; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Parents; Students; Teachers
Citation(s) GUSHWA, PRUDENCE JOANNE (1985) A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF THREE MINNESOTA SCHOOL DISTRICTS EMPLOYING THE FOUR-DAY-WEEK DURING 1982-1983 , 211.
Study Hale 2007
Title A case study of the four-day school week in five South Dakota prekindergarten-12 public schools.
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2005-2007
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) South Dakota
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Student Instruction; Teacher In-Service
Study Design Descriptive Statistics Only
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attainment; Attendance; School Disciplinary Incidents
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Feasibility; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Parents; Principals; Students; Superintendents; Teachers
Citation(s) Hale, Rebecca Rae Miller (2007) A case study of the four-day school week in five South Dakota prekindergarten-12 public schools , 682258.
Study Hanson 2014
Title Superintendent perceptions of professional development quality in South Dakota school districts implementing a four-day school calendar
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2014
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) South Dakota
Fifth Day Activity Student Instruction; Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Superintendents
Citation(s) Hanson, Charles M (2014) Superintendent perceptions of professional development quality in South Dakota school districts implementing a four-day school calendar , 116.
Study Hanson 2017
Title An Examination of the Four-Day School Week Schedule in Select Minnesota School Districts
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2017
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Minnesota
Fifth Day Activity Student Instruction; Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators; Parents; Members; Teachers
Citation(s) Hanson, HL (2017) An Examination of the Four-Day School Week Schedule in Select Minnesota School Districts .
Study Hedtke 2014
Title The Four-Day versus the Five-Day School Week: A Comparative Study of South Dakota Schools
Publication Type Student: Masters Thesis
Data Years 2009-2011
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level 3-8; 11
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) South Dakota
Fifth Day Activity Student Instruction; Teacher In-Service
Study Design Descriptive Statistics Only
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Principals; Superintendents
Citation(s) Hedtke, Joel Timothy (2014) The Four-Day versus the Five-Day School Week: A Comparative Study of South Dakota Schools .
Study Hegwood 2016
Title Scheduling adolescent achievement: Eighth-graders and the four-day school week
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2008-2013
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Middle
Grade Level 8
Student Race/Ethnicity Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Georgia
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Before-After Study
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Special Education
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Hegwood, Jessica Fleming (2016) Scheduling adolescent achievement: Eighth-graders and the four-day school week , 92.
Study Hewitt 2011
Title The Four-Day School Week: Impact on Student Academic Performance
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2009
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level 3-10
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Colorado
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Student Instruction
Study Design Matched Pair Design
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Hewitt, Paul M, Denny, George S (2011) The Four-Day School Week: Impact on Student Academic Performance Rural Educator, 32(2), 23.
Study Hyde 2023
Title A Case Study of Shifting to a Four-Day Student School Week as a Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and its Impact on Teacher Job Satisfaction and Retention
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2023
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary
Grade Level K-5
Student Race/Ethnicity Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White; Other
State(s) Georgia
Fifth Day Activity Student Instruction; Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Teachers
Citation(s) Hyde, Melanie (2023) A Case Study of Shifting to a Four-Day Student School Week as a Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and its Impact on Teacher Job Satisfaction and Retention .
Study Israel 2020
Title Adolescent Health Behaviors in Schools with 4- Versus 5-Day School Weeks
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2017
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools High
Grade Level 9-12
Student Race/Ethnicity American Indian and/or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander; White
State(s) Colorado
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (with controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Health
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Israel, Whitney, Mulitauopele, Christine, Ma, Ming, Levinson, Arnold H, Cikara, Lauren, Brooks-Russell, Ashley (2020) Adolescent Health Behaviors in Schools with 4- Versus 5-Day School Weeks Journal of School Health, 90(10), 794 101111/josh.12941
Study Jenkins 2020
Title Teachers’ Experiences with Professional Development when Working in a Four-Day Instructional Week: A Qualitative Case Study
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2020
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Middle
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Texas
Fifth Day Activity Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Jenkins, Justin Michael (2020) Teachers’ Experiences with Professional Development when Working in a Four-Day Instructional Week: A Qualitative Case Study , 119.
Study Jennewein 2016
Title The impact alternative calendars have on a school district.
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2014-2015
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity White
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators; Staff; Teachers
Citation(s) Jennewein, Jeffery Thomas (2017) The impact alternative calendars have on a school district , 78No.
Study Johnson 2013
Title The four day school week: A case study examining three stages of implementation
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2013
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Black or African American; White
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Johnson, Chris (2013) The four day school week: A case study examining three stages of implementation , 135.
Study Kelly 2010
Title Explorations of Student and Parent Perceptions of Changes in Traditional School Schedule and Curriculum to Enhance Competitiveness with Charter Schools
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2006-2010
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools High
Grade Level 11-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Arizona
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Student Instruction
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators; Parents; Students; Teachers
Citation(s) Kelly, Tiffany K (2010) Explorations of Student and Parent Perceptions of Changes in Traditional School Schedule and Curriculum to Enhance Competitiveness with Charter Schools , 183.
Study Kilburn 2021
Title Does Four Equal Five? Implementation and Outcomes of the Four-Day School Week. RR-A373-1
Publication Type Report
Data Years 2009-2019
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity American Indian and/or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander; White
State(s) Colorado; Idaho; Missouri; New Mexico; Oklahoma; South Dakota
Fifth Day Activity Extracurriculars (clubs, sports); Nothing (shut down school); Student Instruction; Teacher In-Service
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attendance; Health; Household Impacts; School Climate
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Equity; Feasibility; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators; Parents; Students; Teachers
Citation(s) Kilburn, M Rebecca, Phillips, Andrea, Gomez, Celia J, Mariano, Louis T, Doss, Christopher Joseph, Troxel, Wendy M, Morton, Emily, Estes, Kevin (2021) Does Four Equal Five? Implementation and Outcomes of the Four-Day School Week RR-A373-1.

Kilburn, M Rebecca, Phillips, Andrea, Gomez, Celia J, Mariano, Louis T, Doss, Christopher Joseph, Troxel, Wendy M, Morton, Emily, Estes, Kevin (2021) Does Four Equal Five? Implementation and Outcomes of the Four-Day School Week RR-A373-1.

Morton, Emily (2024) Can four equal five? Essays on the four-day school week, 85(6-B), No.

Kilburn, M Rebecca, Phillips, Andrea, Gomez, Celia J, Mariano, Louis T, Doss, Christopher Joseph, Troxel, Wendy M, Morton, Emily, Estes, Kevin (2021) Can Four Equal Five? Assessing the Four-Day School Week Research Brief RB-A373-1.

Kilburn, M Rebecca, Phillips, Andrea, Gomez, Celia J, Mariano, Louis T, Doss, Christopher Joseph, Troxel, Wendy M, Morton, Emily, Estes, Kevin (2021) Does Four Equal Five? Implementation and Outcomes of the Four-Day School Week Appendix C RR-A373-1.
Study Kirchhoff 2021
Title Elementary Educator Perceptions of the Impact Breaks Have on Student Engagement
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2021
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary
Grade Level K-5
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Kirchhoff, Sarah-Bo (2021) Elementary Educator Perceptions of the Impact Breaks Have on Student Engagement , 141.
Study Knapp 2014
Title The influence of a four day school week on ACT scores
Publication Type Student: Masters Thesis
Data Years 2007-2013
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Not Reported
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Before-After Study
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attainment
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Knapp, K (2014) The influence of a four day school week on ACT scores .
Study Koehle 1982
Title A STUDY OF THE ACCEPTABILITY OF SELECTED PROCEDURAL CHANGES TO CONSERVE ENERGY IN NEBRASKA SCHOOL DISTRICTS
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 1981
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Nebraska
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Superintendents
Citation(s) KOEHLE, WOLFGANG KURT (1982) A STUDY OF THE ACCEPTABILITY OF SELECTED PROCEDURAL CHANGES TO CONSERVE ENERGY IN NEBRASKA SCHOOL DISTRICTS , 109.
Study Kreyling 2015
Title Stakeholders perceptions of the implementation of a four-day school week regarding academic performance, absenteeism, and morale.
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2014
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity American Indian and/or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators; Members; Parents; Staff; Teachers
Citation(s) Kreyling, James M (2019) Stakeholders perceptions of the implementation of a four-day school week regarding academic performance, absenteeism, and morale , 80No.
Study Leiseth 2008
Title A case study of the four-day school week: An alternative schedule for public schools
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2006-2007
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity American Indian and/or Alaska Native; White
State(s) South Dakota
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Student Instruction; Teacher In-Service
Study Design Descriptive Statistics Only
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attainment; Attendance
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Equity; Feasibility; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Members; Parents; Students; Teachers
Citation(s) Leiseth, Barbara J (2008) A case study of the four-day school week: An alternative schedule for public schools , 159.
Study Lemmer 2014
Title The effect of widespread teacher furlough implementation on student performance on the reading, mathematics, and science portions of the Hawaiii State Assessment
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2008-2012
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level 3-8; 10
Student Race/Ethnicity American Indian and/or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander; White
State(s) Hawaii
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school)
Study Design Descriptive Statistics Only
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Lemmer, Bridina Marie (2014) The effect of widespread teacher furlough implementation on student performance on the reading, mathematics, and science portions of the Hawaiii State Assessment , 109.
Study Lewis 2018
Title Comparing Professional Learning Practices of Missouri’s Four and Five Day Schools
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2018
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Lewis, Michael E (2018) Comparing Professional Learning Practices of Missouri’s Four and Five Day Schools , 163.
Study Maiden 2020
Title The Influence of the Adoption of a School District Four Day Instructional Week on Teacher Retention
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2013-2018
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Oklahoma
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (with controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Staff/Teacher Retention
Equity Domain Studied Community Type (Rurality); SES
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Maiden, Jeffrey, Crowson, H Michael, Byerly, Channa (2020) The Influence of the Adoption of a School District Four Day Instructional Week on Teacher Retention Journal of Education Finance, 46(2), 117.

Maiden, J, Crowson, HM, Byerly, C (2020) The Effects of the Adoption of the Four-Day Instructional Week on Teacher Retention in Oklahoma.
Study Marion 2018
Title The Perceived Impact of the Four-Day School Week on Teacher Recruitment, Teacher Retention, and Job Satisfaction
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2017-2018
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators; Counselors; Superintendents; Teachers
Citation(s) Marion, Kristi Sue (2018) The Perceived Impact of the Four-Day School Week on Teacher Recruitment, Teacher Retention, and Job Satisfaction , 144.
Study Maxey 2018
Title Future of Failure? Studying the Effects of a Shortened Schedule on the Academic Success of Students
Publication Type Student: Masters Thesis
Data Years 2012-2016
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Oklahoma
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (with controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Maxey, Melissa R (2018) Future of Failure? Studying the Effects of a Shortened Schedule on the Academic Success of Students .
Study McKenzie 2023
Title Exploration of Motivations for Adopting a Four-Day School Week or Year Round Calendars: Evidence from Arkansas
Publication Type Report
Data Years 2013-2023
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Not Reported
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Arkansas
Fifth Day Activity Child Care; Extracurriculars (clubs, sports); Student Instruction; Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Feasibility; Priority
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Superintendents
Citation(s) McKenzie, Sarah C, McGee, Josh B, Barnes, Kate (2023) Exploration of Motivations for Adopting a Four-Day School Week or Year Round Calendars: Evidence from Arkansas.

Barnes, K, & McKenzie, S (2023) We Wanted to do Something Innovative: Exploring Motivations of Arkansas Districts Adopting Four-Day School Weeks or Year-Round Calendars.
Study Miles 2012
Title A Brief Analysis of the Possible Impact of a Four Day School Week on Student Performance in Colorado Schools
Publication Type Student: Masters Thesis
Data Years 2008
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Colorado
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Matched Pair Design
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Miles, K (2012) A Brief Analysis of the Possible Impact of a Four Day School Week on Student Performance in Colorado Schools .
Study Mitchell 2022
Title A Qualitative Study Examining the Perceptions of Special Education Team Members Regarding the Impact of the Four-Day School Week on Students Who Receive Special Education Services
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2022
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Staff
Citation(s) Mitchell, Terry G (2022) A Qualitative Study Examining the Perceptions of Special Education Team Members Regarding the Impact of the Four-Day School Week on Students Who Receive Special Education Services , 142.
Study Morton 2021
Title Effects of Four-Day School Weeks on School Finance and Achievement: Evidence From Oklahoma
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2005-2017
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity American Indian and/or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Oklahoma
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Morton, Emily (2021) Effects of Four-Day School Weeks on School Finance and Achievement: Evidence From Oklahoma Educational Researcher, 50(1), 30 10.3102/0013189X20948023

Morton, Emily (2024) Can four equal five? Essays on the four-day school week, 85(6-B), No.

Morton, Emily (2020) Effects of Four-Day School Weeks on School Finance and Achievement: Evidence from Oklahoma CEPA Working Paper No 20-02.
Study Morton 2023
Title Effects of 4-Day School Weeks on Older Adolescents: Examining Impacts of the Schedule on Academic Achievement, Attendance, and Behavior in High School
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2008-2019
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools High
Grade Level 9-12
Student Race/Ethnicity American Indian and/or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White; Other
State(s) Oklahoma
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attendance; School Disciplinary Incidents
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Morton, Emily (2022) Effects of 4-Day School Weeks on Older Adolescents: Examining Impacts of the Schedule on Academic Achievement, Attendance, and Behavior in High School Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 01623737221097420 10.3102/01623737221097420

Morton, Emily (2024) Can four equal five? Essays on the four-day school week, 85(6-B), No.

Morton, Emily (2021) Effects of Four-Day School Weeks on Adolescents: Examining Impacts of the Schedule on Academic Achievement, Attendance, and Behavior in High School CEPA Working Paper No 21-05.
Study Morton 2024
Title Impacts of Four-Day School Weeks on Teacher Recruitment and Retention and Student Attendance: Evidence from Colorado
Publication Type Preprint
Data Years 2009-2023
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Asian; Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander; White
State(s) Colorado
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Attendance; Staff/Teacher Retention
Equity Domain Studied Community Type (Rurality)
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Emily Morton & Emma Dewil (2024) Impacts of Four-Day School Weeks on Teacher Recruitment and Retention and Student Attendance: Evidence from Colorado CALDER Working Paper No 307-0924.
Study Morton 2024
Title A Multi-State, Student-Level Analysis of the Effects of the Four-Day School Week on Student Achievement and Growth
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2008-2019
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle
Grade Level K-8
Student Race/Ethnicity American Indian and/or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Colorado; Iowa; Kansas; Montana; North Dakota; Wyoming
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level; Community Type (Rurality); Race/Ethnicity; Sex/Gender
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Morton, E, Thompson, P, Kuhfeld, M (2022) A Multi-State, Student-Level Analysis of the Effects of the Four-Day School Week on Student Achievement and Growth.

Morton, Emily, Thompson, Paul N, Kuhfeld, Megan (2024) A multi-state, student-level analysis of the effects of the four-day school week on student achievement and growth, 100102524 https://doiorg/101016/jeconedurev2024.102524
Study Mykerezi 2012
Title The Impact of the Four-day School Week on Travel among Households with Children in Minnesota
Publication Type Report
Data Years 2011-2012
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Minnesota
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (with controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Household Impacts
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level; SES
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Mykerezi, Elton, Nash, Arthur (2012) The Impact of the Four-day School Week on Travel among Households with Children in Minnesota .
Study Najam 2024
Title Impacts of the Four-Day School Week on Juvenile Crime
Publication Type Preprint
Data Years Not Reported
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Not Reported
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Not Reported
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Criminal Activity
Equity Domain Studied Community Type (Rurality)
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Najam, Rafiuddin, Thompson, Paul (2024) Impacts of the Four-Day School Week on Juvenile Crime .
Study Nelson 1983
Title An Evaluation of the Sheridan County School District Alternative School Schedule, 1982-83
Publication Type Report
Data Years 1982-1983
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Wyoming
Fifth Day Activity Extracurriculars (clubs, sports); Teacher In-Service
Study Design Descriptive Statistics Only
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attainment; Attendance; School Climate
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level; Special Education
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Equity; Feasibility; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators; Parents; Students; Teachers
Citation(s) Nelson, Steven R (1983) An Evaluation of the Sheridan County School District Alternative School Schedule, 1982-83 .
Study Nowak 2023
Title The Unintended Consequences of a Four-Day School Week on House Prices: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment in Colorado
Publication Type Preprint
Data Years 2012-2020
Community Type (Rurality) Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Asian; Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Colorado
Fifth Day Activity Child Care
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Household Impacts; Staff/Teacher Retention
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Nowak, Adam, Perrone, Frank, Smith, Patrick S (2019) The Unintended Consequences of a Four-Day School Week on House Prices: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment in Colorado, 102139/ssrn.3435674

Nowak, Adam, Smith, Patrick S, Perrone, Frank (2023) How Do Homeowners, Teachers, and Students Respond to a Four-Day School Week? Available at SSRN 4552082.
Study Palmer 1984
Title A comparative study of transporation costs for a four-day school week and a five day school week for Dougherty County schools
Publication Type Student: Masters Thesis
Data Years 1981-1985
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Georgia
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school)
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Palmer, John D, Jr (1984) A comparative study of transporation costs for a four-day school week and a five day school week for Dougherty County schools , 47.
Study Phi Delta Kappan 2023
Title Continued support for teachers; growing support for four-day school week: Findings from the 55th annual PDK poll
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2023
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Not Reported
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Not Reported
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Members
Citation(s) (2023/09//) Continued support for teachers; growing support for four-day school week: Findings from the 55th annual PDK poll Phi Delta Kappan, 105(1), 34 https://doiorg/10.1177/00317217231197474

(2023/09//) Poll Points: Digging deeper into 2023 PDK Poll results Phi Delta Kappan, 105(1), 72 https://doiorg/10.1177/00317217231197491
Study Priyanti 2025
Title Exploring Four-Day School Week Adoption in Texas
Publication Type Preprint
Data Years 2017-2025
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White; Other
State(s) Texas
Fifth Day Activity Child Care; Extracurriculars (clubs, sports); Nothing (shut down school); Student Instruction; Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Feasibility; Priority
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Priyanti, Neng, Miraj, Fiza, Templeton, Toni . Exploring Four-Day School Week Adoption in Texas University of Houston Education Research Center Working Paper volumeissuePagesDOI#
Study Reeves 2014
Title The four-day school calendar: A comparative study of student performance indicators in a Colorado school district
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2004-2006
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White; Other
State(s) Colorado
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Before-After Study
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attendance
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Reeves, Cheryl L (2014) The four-day school calendar: A comparative study of student performance indicators in a Colorado school district , 130.
Study Reinke 1987
Title More with Four: A Look at the Four Day Week in Oregon’s Small Schools
Publication Type Report
Data Years 1975-1987
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level 5; 8
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Oregon
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Teacher In-Service
Study Design Descriptive Statistics Only
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attendance
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Feasibility; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Parents; Students; Teachers
Citation(s) Reinke, Joyce M (1987) More with Four: A Look at the Four Day Week in Oregon’s Small Schools .
Study Reyes 2020
Title Multicase Exploration of Teachers’ Perceptions of Experience of Working in a 4-Day Work Week School System Compared to a 5-Day Work Week School System
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years Not Reported
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Georgia
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Teachers
Citation(s) Reyes, Lyscelle M (2020) Multicase Exploration of Teachers’ Perceptions of Experience of Working in a 4-Day Work Week School System Compared to a 5-Day Work Week School System , 218.
Study Reynolds 2019
Title THE IMPACT OF CAPITAL OUTLAY INEQUITIES ON SCHOOL DISTRICT COST SAVING MEASURES IN A CLIMATE OF BUDGET REDUCTIONS
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2014-2018
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Not Reported
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Oklahoma
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Reynolds, Tammie (2019) THE IMPACT OF CAPITAL OUTLAY INEQUITIES ON SCHOOL DISTRICT COST SAVING MEASURES IN A CLIMATE OF BUDGET REDUCTIONS .
Study Richards 1990
Title A comparative study using selected characteristics of four-day week schools and five-day week schools in rural New Mexico
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 1982-1989
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle
Grade Level 5; 8
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) New Mexico
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (without controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators; Students
Citation(s) Richards, R L (1990) A comparative study using selected characteristics of four-day week schools and five-day week schools in rural New Mexico .
Study Richburg 1982
Title The Four-Day School Week
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 1978-1981
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Colorado
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school)
Study Design Descriptive Statistics Only
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attendance
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Equity; Feasibility; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Parents; Students; Teachers
Citation(s) Richburg, Robert W, Sjogren, Douglas D (1982) The Four-Day School Week The Phi Delta Kappan, 63(9), 622.

Losure, Joyce (1982) Creativity Growing Out of Austerity Proceedings of the Annual National Conference of the People United for Rural Education (5th, Des Moines, Iowa, February 4-5, 1982), 1.

Brubacher, Roy G, Stiverson, C L (1982) Colorado’s Alternative School Calendar Program and the Four Day Week, 1.

(1984) Rural Education: A New Awareness Proceedings of the Multi-State and Rural and Small School Conference (Tifton, Georgia, November 15-16, 1982), 1.

Richburg, Robert W, Edelen, Robert W (1981) An Evaluation of the Four-Day School Week in Colorado The Final Report, 1.
Study Roadifer 1983
Title Attitudes and perceptions of voters, teachers and students toward the four-day school week at Sheridan County School District no. 1 West.
Publication Type Student: Masters Thesis
Data Years 1982-1983
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Middle; High
Grade Level 7-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Colorado
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Members; Students; Teachers
Citation(s) Roadifer, WP (1983) Attitudes and perceptions of voters, teachers and students toward the four-day school week at Sheridan County School District no 1 West .
Study Roeth 1985
Title Implementing the Four-Day School Week into the Elementary and Secondary Public Schools (year, Efficiency)
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 1984
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Colorado; Maine; Massachusetts; Minnesota; New Hampshire; New Mexico; Oregon; Utah
Fifth Day Activity Extracurriculars (clubs, sports); Nothing (shut down school); Teacher In-Service; Trips (educational/field)
Study Design Descriptive Statistics Only
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Equity; Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators
Citation(s) Roeth, JE (1985) Implementing the Four-Day School Week into the Elementary and Secondary Public Schools (year, Efficiency) , 166.
Study Rowden 2021
Title Impact of a Four-Day School Week on Student Discipline and Attendance in Missouri: A Quantitative Study
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2011-2018
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Asian; White; Other
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Before-After Study
Outcome Domain Studied Attendance; School Disciplinary Incidents
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Rowden, Angelina (2021) Impact of a Four-Day School Week on Student Discipline and Attendance in Missouri: A Quantitative Study , 122.
Study SAS Institute 2024
Title Impact of four-day school week on growth and achievement in Missouri [Research Brief]
Publication Type Report
Data Years 2008-2022
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (without controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) SAS Institute (2024) Impact of four-day school week on growth and achievement in Missouri [Research Brief] .
Study Sagness 1993
Title Evaluation of the Four-Day School Week in Idaho Suburban Schools
Publication Type Report
Data Years 1990-1993
Community Type (Rurality) Suburban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Idaho
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school)
Study Design Before-After Study
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attendance; School Climate
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Equity; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Parents; Staff; Students; Teachers
Citation(s) Sagness, Richard L, Salzman, Stephanie A (1993) Evaluation of the Four-Day School Week in Idaho Suburban Schools .
Study Savage 2018
Title A Case Study of the Influence of the Four-Day School Week on an Arizona School District
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2009-2014
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Arizona
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Teacher In-Service
Study Design Descriptive Statistics Only
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attendance
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators; Owners; Members; Parents; Staff; Teachers
Citation(s) Savage, Rachel Marie (2018) A Case Study of the Influence of the Four-Day School Week on an Arizona School District , 180.
Study Schultz 2019
Title Impact of a Four-Day School Week on Teacher Preparation
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2019-2020
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle
Grade Level K-8
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Principals
Citation(s) Schultz, Shawn C (2019) Impact of a Four-Day School Week on Teacher Preparation , 68.
Study Shuls 2023
Title Five for me: A survey of Missourians regarding the four-day school week
Publication Type Report
Data Years 2023
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Parents
Citation(s) James V Shuls (2023) Five for me: A survey of Missourians regarding the four-day school week .
Study Smelser 2020
Title Survey of the Effects of a Four-Day School Week on Music Programs
Publication Type Student: Masters Thesis
Data Years 2020
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Not Reported
Fifth Day Activity Student Instruction; Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Teachers
Citation(s) Smelser, Bradley M (2020) Survey of the Effects of a Four-Day School Week on Music Programs , 74.
Study Smith 2020
Title Attachment to Place Among Teenage Students in School Districts With Four-Day School Weeks
Publication Type Student: Undergraduate Thesis
Data Years 2007; 2009; 2011; 2013; 2015
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Middle; High
Grade Level 8; 11
Student Race/Ethnicity American Indian and/or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander; White
State(s) Oregon
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Student Instruction
Study Design Between-Group (with controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Health; School Climate
Equity Domain Studied Community Type (Rurality)
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Smith, Madeleine C (2020) Attachment to Place Among Teenage Students in School Districts With Four-Day School Weeks .
Study Smith 2021
Title How Teachers Feel Missouri School Schedules Affect Teachers Morale: A Qualitative Descriptive Case Study
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2021
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Elementary
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Teachers
Citation(s) Smith, Tanya (2021) How Teachers Feel Missouri School Schedules Affect Teachers Morale: A Qualitative Descriptive Case Study , 160.
Study Strang 2017
Title Compressed school week cultural bias against English Second Language student performance on standardized exams
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2011-2013
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools High
Grade Level 9-11
Student Race/Ethnicity Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish
State(s) Oregon
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (without controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied English Language Learner; Immigration Status; Race/Ethnicity
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Strang, KD, Shimer, M (2017) Compressed school week cultural bias against English Second Language student performance on standardized exams Global Journal of Human-Social Sciences-G: Linguistics & Education, 17(5), 37.
Study Streeter 2021
Title A Comparison of the Four-Day School Week to the Five-Day School Week and Reading Achievement of Third, Fourth, and Fifth Graders
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2017-2019
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary
Grade Level 3-5
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Student Instruction; Teacher In-Service
Study Design Matched Pair Design
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Equity; Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Superintendents; Teachers
Citation(s) Streeter, Raymond Leffler (2021) A Comparison of the Four-Day School Week to the Five-Day School Week and Reading Achievement of Third, Fourth, and Fifth Graders , 146.
Study Tharp 2016
Title Is the Four-Day School Week Detrimental to Student Success?
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2007-2013
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Montana
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Descriptive Statistics Only
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Tharp, Timothy W, Matt, John, O’Reilly, Frances L (2016) Is the Four-Day School Week Detrimental to Student Success? Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(3), 126.

Tharp, Timothy W (2014) A comparison of student achievement in rural schools with four and five day weeks, 97.
Study Thomason 2013
Title Effectiveness of the Four Day School Week on End of Course Exam Scores in Both Communication Arts and Math
Publication Type Student: Masters Thesis
Data Years 2008-2012
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools High
Grade Level 11-12
Student Race/Ethnicity American Indian and/or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Before-After Study
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Thomason, B (2013) Effectiveness of the Four Day School Week on End of Course Exam Scores in Both Communication Arts and Math .
Study Thompson 2020
Title Is four less than five? Effects of four-day school weeks on student achievement in Oregon
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2005-2019
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle
Grade Level 3-8
Student Race/Ethnicity American Indian and/or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White; Other
State(s) Oregon
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level; English Language Learner; Gifted Student Status; Race/Ethnicity; SES; Sex/Gender; Special Education
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Thompson, Paul N (2021) Is four less than five? Effects of four-day school weeks on student achievement in Oregon Journal of Public Economics, 193104308 101016/jjpubeco2020.104308

Thompson, Paul (2019) Effects of Four-Day School Weeks on Student Achievement: Evidence from Oregon, 102139/ssrn.3390191

Thompson, Paul N (2021) The Shrinking School Week Education Next, 21(3).
Study Thompson 2021
Title Are All Four-Day School Weeks Created Equal? A National Assessment of Four-Day School Week Policy Adoption and Implementation
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 1999-2019
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Asian; Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White; Other
State(s) Alaska; Arizona; California; Colorado; Georgia; Idaho; Iowa; Kansas; Louisiana; Michigan; Minnesota; Missouri; Montana; Nebraska; Nevada; New Mexico; North Dakota; Oklahoma; Oregon; South Dakota; Texas; Utah; Washington; Wyoming
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school); Student Instruction; Teacher In-Service; Trips (educational/field)
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Feasibility; Priority; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Thompson, Paul N, Gunter, Katherine, Schuna, Jr, John M, Tomayko, Emily J (2021) Are All Four-Day School Weeks Created Equal? A National Assessment of Four-Day School Week Policy Adoption and Implementation Education Finance and Policy, 16(4), 558 10.1162/edfp_a_00316
Study Thompson 2021
Title Does a Day Lost Equal Dollars Saved? The Effects of Four-Day School Weeks on School District Expenditures
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 1999-2017
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity White
State(s) Alaska; Arizona; California; Colorado; Georgia; Idaho; Iowa; Kansas; Louisiana; Michigan; Minnesota; Missouri; Montana; Nebraska; Nevada; New Mexico; North Dakota; Oklahoma; Oregon; South Dakota; Texas; Utah; Washington; Wyoming
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Thompson, Paul N (2021) Does a Day Lost Equal Dollars Saved? The Effects of Four-Day School Weeks on School District Expenditures National Tax Journal, 74(1), 147 10.1086/712916
Study Thompson 2022
Title Only a matter of time? The role of time in school on four-day school week achievement impacts
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2009-2018
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle
Grade Level 3-8
Student Race/Ethnicity Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Arizona; Georgia; Idaho; Kansas; Minnesota; Missouri; Montana; Nevada; New Mexico; Oklahoma; Oregon; South Dakota
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Thompson, Paul N, Ward, Jason (2022) Only a matter of time? The role of time in school on four-day school week achievement impacts Economics of Education Review, 86102198 101016/jeconedurev2021.102198
Study Thompson 2022
Title Impacts of the four-day school week on high school achievement and educational engagement
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2005-2019
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools High
Grade Level 9-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Oregon
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attainment; Attendance
Equity Domain Studied Community Type (Rurality)
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Thompson, Paul N, Tomayko, Emily J, Gunter, Katherine B, Schuna, John (2022) Impacts of the four-day school week on high school achievement and educational engagement Education Economics, 30(5), 527 101080/096452922021.2006610
Study Thompson 2023
Title Impacts of the four-day school week on early elementary achievement.
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2017-2019
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary
Grade Level 3
Student Race/Ethnicity American Indian and/or Alaska Native; Asian; Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Oregon
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Community Type (Rurality); English Language Learner; Gifted Student Status; Race/Ethnicity; SES; Sex/Gender; Special Education
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Thompson, Paul N, Tomayko, Emily J, Gunter, Katherine B, Schuna Jr, John, McClelland, Megan (2023) Impacts of the four-day school week on early elementary achievement Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 63264 101016/jecresq202212.009
Study Tomayko 2020
Title Effects of Four-Day School Weeks on Physical Education Exposure and Childhood Obesity
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2011-2012; 2017-2018
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity White
State(s) Oregon
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (without controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Health
Equity Domain Studied Community Type (Rurality); SES
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Tomayko, Emily J, Gunter, Katherine B, Schuna, John M, Thompson, Paul N (2020) Effects of Four-Day School Weeks on Physical Education Exposure and Childhood Obesity Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 17(9), 902 101123/jpah.2019-0648

(2023) Erratum Effects of Four-Day School Weeks on Physical Education Exposure and Childhood Obesity Journal of physical activity & health, 20(10), 984 101123/jpah.2023-0337
Study Tomayko 2021
Title Impact of Reduced School Exposure on Adolescent Health Behaviors and Food Security: Evidence From 4-Day School Weeks
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2007-2015
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Middle; High
Grade Level 8; 11
Student Race/Ethnicity Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Oregon
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (with controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Health
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Tomayko, Emily J, Thompson, Paul N, Smith, Madeleine C, Gunter, Katherine B, Schuna Jr, John M (2021) Impact of Reduced School Exposure on Adolescent Health Behaviors and Food Security: Evidence From 4-Day School Weeks Journal of School Health, 91(12), 1055 101111/josh.13095
Study Turner 2018
Title Staff Perspectives of the Four-Day School Week: A New Analysis of Compressed School Schedules
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2015-2016
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Staff; Teachers
Citation(s) Turner, Jon Scott, Finch, Kim, Ximena, Uribe-Zarian (2018) Staff Perspectives of the Four-Day School Week: A New Analysis of Compressed School Schedules Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(1), 52.
Study Turner 2018
Title The Economics of a Four-Day School Week: Community and Business Leaders’ Perspectives
Publication Type Journal
Data Years Not Reported
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Nothing (shut down school)
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Owners; Members
Citation(s) Turner, Jon, Finch, Kim, Uribe-Zarain, Ximena (2018) The Economics of a Four-Day School Week: Community and Business Leaders’ Perspectives Applied Economics and Finance, https://doiorg/1011114/aefv5i2.2947
Study Turner 2019
Title Three Midwest Rural School Districts’ First Year Transition to the Four Day School Week: Parents’ Perspectives
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2016
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Parents
Citation(s) Turner, Jon, Finch, Kim, Uribe-Zarain, Ximena (2019) Three Midwest Rural School Districts’ First Year Transition to the Four Day School Week: Parents’ Perspectives Rural Educator, 40(1), 1.
Study Turner 2024
Title THE IMPACT OF A 4-DAY SCHOOL WEEK ON TEACHER RECRUITMENT: A CASE STUDY OF A LARGE URBAN SCHOOL DISTRICT
Publication Type Report
Data Years 2022-2023
Community Type (Rurality) Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Descriptive Statistics Only
Outcome Domain Studied Staff/Teacher Retention
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Turner, Jon S (2024) THE IMPACT OF A 4-DAY SCHOOL WEEK ON TEACHER RECRUITMENT: A CASE STUDY OF A LARGE URBAN SCHOOL DISTRICT .
Study Uscher-Pines 2020
Title Feasibility of Social Distancing Practices in US Schools to Reduce Influenza Transmission During a Pandemic.
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2017
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Not Reported
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Uscher-Pines, Lori; Schwartz, Heather L; Ahmed, Faruque; Zheteyeva, Yenlik; Leschitz, Jennifer T; Pillemer, Francesca; Faherty, Laura J; Uzicanin, Amra (2020) Feasibility of Social Distancing Practices in US Schools to Reduce Influenza Transmission During a Pandemic Journal of public health management and practice : JPHMP, 26(4), 357 101097/phh.0000000000001174
Study Vernon 2018
Title Teachers’ Perceptions of the Impact of a 4-Day Week on School Culture
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2017-2018
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Oklahoma
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (without controls)
Outcome Domain Studied School Climate
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Vernon, Alison (2018) Teachers’ Perceptions of the Impact of a 4-Day Week on School Culture , 119.
Study Versemann 2024
Title The Impact of a Four-Day and Five-Day School Week on Student Achievement in Reading and Math
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2017-2019; 2021-2023
Community Type (Rurality) Rural; Suburban; Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level 3-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Extracurriculars (clubs, sports); Nothing (shut down school); Student Instruction; Teacher In-Service
Study Design Matched Pair Design
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Versemann, Stacey (2024) The Impact of a Four-Day and Five-Day School Week on Student Achievement in Reading and Math .
Study Wallen 2024
Title Teaching in Teams for Increased Student Academic Engagement at a Rural High School on a Four-Day Instructional Week: A Design Development Study
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2019; 2021-2024
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools High
Grade Level 9-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Texas
Fifth Day Activity Teacher In-Service
Study Design Before-After Study
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement; Attainment; School Disciplinary Incidents
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Wallen, Jason T (2024) Teaching in Teams for Increased Student Academic Engagement at a Rural High School on a Four-Day Instructional Week: A Design Development Study .
Study Ward 2019
Title Some New Evidence on the Relationship Between School Provision and Parental Labor Supply
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2005-2016
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) Colorado; Idaho; Oklahoma; Oregon
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Difference-in-Differences
Outcome Domain Studied Household Impacts
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level; SES; Sex/Gender
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Ward, Jason Michael (2019) Some New Evidence on the Relationship Between School Provision and Parental Labor Supply, 179.

Ward, Jason (2019) The Four-day School Week and Parental Labor Supply, 102139/ssrn.3301406
Study Webb 1980
Title Changing the School Calendar to Effect Energy Savings
Publication Type Journal
Data Years Not Reported
Community Type (Rurality) Not Reported
Education Level of Schools Not Reported
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Illinois; New Mexico; Pennsylvania
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Webb, L Dean, Ashby, Glenn H (1980) Changing the School Calendar to Effect Energy Savings School Business Affairs, 46(1), 11.
Study Weber 2022
Title The Four-Day School Week as a Path for Principal Attraction and Retention: Perceptions of Elementary Principals in Missouri
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years Not Reported
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary
Grade Level K-6
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (without controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Staff/Teacher Retention
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Principals
Citation(s) Weber, Laura Elizabeth (2022) The Four-Day School Week as a Path for Principal Attraction and Retention: Perceptions of Elementary Principals in Missouri , 139.
Study Whipple 2022
Title A Comparison of Academic Achievement for the Four-Day and Five-Day School Week in New Mexico
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2018-2019
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools High
Grade Level 11
Student Race/Ethnicity Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish; White
State(s) New Mexico
Fifth Day Activity Not Reported
Study Design Between-Group (without controls)
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied None
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Whipple, Martha Ann (2022) A Comparison of Academic Achievement for the Four-Day and Five-Day School Week in New Mexico , 193.
Study Wilmoth 1995
Title The four-day school week and how it affects student achievement
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 1995
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Arizona; California; Colorado; New Mexico; Oklahoma; Oregon; Utah
Fifth Day Activity Extracurriculars (clubs, sports); Student Instruction; Teacher In-Service
Study Design Descriptive Statistics Only
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Acceptability; Effectiveness; Equity; Feasibility; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Administrators
Citation(s) Wilmoth, Steve Eugene (1995) The four-day school week and how it affects student achievement , 138.
Study Wise 2016
Title Elementary Teachers’ Perceptions of Appropriate Collaborative Planning and Professional Planning Time: A Case Study
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years Not Reported
Community Type (Rurality) Urban
Education Level of Schools Elementary
Grade Level K-5
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Georgia
Fifth Day Activity Teacher In-Service
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Wise, Kristi (2017) Elementary Teachers’ Perceptions of Appropriate Collaborative Planning and Professional Planning Time: A Case Study , 150.
Study Wright 2021
Title Day Five of the Four-Day School Week: Meeting the Comprehensive Needs of Students and Families
Publication Type Student: Doctoral Dissertation
Data Years 2018-2019
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Not Reported
Grade Level Not Reported
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Missouri
Fifth Day Activity Child Care; Student Instruction
Study Design Not Applicable
Outcome Domain Studied Not Reported
Equity Domain Studied Not Reported or Applicable
Evidence Domain Studied Feasibility
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Wright, Curtis A (2021) Day Five of the Four-Day School Week: Meeting the Comprehensive Needs of Students and Families , 99.
Study Yarbrough 2006
Title From Five Days to Four
Publication Type Journal
Data Years 2002-2006
Community Type (Rurality) Rural
Education Level of Schools Elementary; Middle; High
Grade Level K-12
Student Race/Ethnicity Not Reported
State(s) Kentucky
Fifth Day Activity Teacher In-Service
Study Design Before-After Study
Outcome Domain Studied Achievement
Equity Domain Studied Age or Grade Level
Evidence Domain Studied Effectiveness; Equity; Feasibility; Resource
Stakeholders
(if acceptability studied)
Not Applicable
Citation(s) Yarbrough, Rachel, Gilman, David Alan (2006) From Five Days to Four Educational Leadership, 64(2), 80.